My Senior With My Associates Of Science - 866 Words

After this semester I will graduate with my Associates of Science. There are several different careers that I am considering. One of the areas up for consideration is gerontology. It encompasses the process of growing old, the effects of old age, and addresses ways of combating the effects. I am specifically interested in the deterioration of our physical abilities, effective ways of slowing the loss of abilities such as balance, and improving cognition. My interest in the field of gerontology is the reason that I decided to take this course, so that is the career choice that I will focus on for this assignment. Upon receiving my Associates of Science, my first career goal is to finish researching what the possibilities are regarding career options, pay, and accessibility to the schools that offer what I need. The objective is to learn as much as I can about the possibilities in order to decide which direction to go. Whether I want to work in research and development, or actu ally work with elderly people in more of a therapeutic capacity. That is going to be a matter of deciding how long I want to be in school and what is available to me. After that is decided the objective will be getting accepted to a University and completing my education. The second goal is getting a job in the area that I choose, either researching and developing techniques, or actually working with elderly people. The objective as a research/development professional, or a therapist isShow MoreRelatedCover Letter Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesI am pleased to submit my cover letter and Curriculum Vitae in consideration for the position of Senior Associate Dean at the Milken Institute School of Public Health. We are at a pivotal time in our School’s history. 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How to Read Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster Free Essays

string(67) " will be barrier in protagonist mind of his relationship with her\." How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster 1)Introduction: How’d He Do That? Mostly in memory it affects the reading literature in way that the reader, recognizes similarities in another work of literature, like in romantic novels elude towards Shakes Spears’ play Romeo and Juliet. Also, recognizing the pattern makes it easier on the reader because with that understanding the complex undertone of the book; like when I was reading The Scarlett Letter, I saw the allusions and symbolism in other stories, and books. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster or any similar topic only for you Order Now )Chapter 1: Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) The five expects of a quest are: 1) a questor; 2) a place to go; 3) a stated a reason to go there; 4) challenges and trails getting throw the route and lastly; 5) a real reason to go there. Little Red Riding Hood Tale 1) Little Red Riding Hood; 2) To Grandmothers House; 3) To bring grandma cookies and company; 4) the wolf tries to eat her and Grandma; 5) Little Red Riding Hood learns to trust her instincts and to never talk to strangers. )Chapter 2: Nice to Eat with You; Act of Communion In Charles Dickson’s novel, The Christmas Carol, when the Scrooge wake –up from his â€Å"dream† he went out and bought a swan for his poor assistants’ family for Christmas. By doing this it was kind of a peace offering, it showed that Scrooge turns a new leaf, and by doing so he was now accepted back into the community. 4)Chapter 4: If It’s a Square, It’s a Sonnet Petrarchan sonnet: â€Å"Missing the Metros† by Charles Terryson-Tunner This sonnet shows this form of reading by demonstrating a sequence like: abba cdcd efefe; and towards the end like the traditional Petrarch Sonnet, the main point of the sonnet which is called the volta, towards the end of the sonnet. Shakespearian sonnet: â€Å"Sonnet LXXIII† With this Shakespearian Sonnet, this had 14 lines and was divided into three parts, with rhyme scheme like this: abab cdcd efef gg. The volta is usually at the end of the sonnet; like in this one, where in the end it makes impact because it makes reader think about how the death can be very near. Indefinable Sonnets: â€Å"Ozymandias† In this sonnet it does not fit the standard Shakespearian sonnet or Pertarchan sonnet, though it has the same characteristic of a Shakespearian sonnet and volta similar to the Pertarchan sonnet. 5)Chapter 6: When In Doubt , It’s from Shakespeare†¦ In the theme of the story Fugard reflects Shakespeare’s Henery V, in this story Harold the main character has to become Master Harold set aside his childhood friendship and to become to into his family â€Å"business†, like Prince Hal had set aside his childhood friend and ways to become a King Henry, capable leading a army. )Chapter 7: Or the Bible â€Å"I imagined I bore my chalice safely throw the throng of foes† (Line 31Joyce). The chalice symbolized him protecting his morals under the influence of the â€Å"heathens† surrounding him, even though in the next sentence he reminisce about his feelings towards the girl, Megan’s sister. 7)Chapter 8: Hanseldee and Gerteldum I book I once read was like modern version of â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† but it focused on the Beast point of view, and how he became the way he was. The author did create a parallel of the story but twist in to make her own, to appeal to her teenager readers. It appeal to their child like fairy tale story and mind it deepen appreciation of a this particle fairy tale, since it appeal to young teenage girls. 8)Chapter 9: It’s Greek to Me â€Å"Only For a Season† Mother never could have known Of my past intentions of being free, The time is near for me to go How could stay with her alone? Easy to say goodbye for season be, Rarely can confide to my husband needs. Naturally I was born in summer bloom; As the fates have it, I learn to love winter’s cold. To turn against my mother’s will Under estimating my husband’s needs, Rethinking my own wants†¦ Easy it is not to love winter’s chill. 9)Chapter 10: It’s More Than Just Rain and Snow In novel I read named â€Å"Life as We Knew It†. In the novel there was a part where the families oldest Mirinda, had to go out in a blizzard to find food for her family. The description of the blizzard and how she felt in the storm was very vivid, it made me understand the struggle that the character in the novel had go throw. 10) Chapter 11:†¦More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence The first type is specific injury characters inflict upon themselves or others. The second type of violence is where the author causes harm to characters to progress the plot. In â€Å"The Outsiders† there are two gangs, the socs and the greasers; they commit the first type of violence. They punch, stab and kill each other out of revenge and anger. It takes a few deaths of dear friends for the characters realize the insanity of fighting. The end result is that they grow to be better people. In â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the old lady neighbor Ms. Dubose dies from old age. This is an example of the second type of violence. The author has her die to develop Jem is a character and to move the plot along, in this the example second act of violence has more meaning and depth to it. 11) Chapter 12: Is That A Symbol? In the short story the â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, Joyce uses the fence as symbolic reference of a barrier between Mangan’s sister and the protagonist. A fence main purpose is to keep things out, separated, apart; to make known that another party is not allowed in. I belive the fence symbolizes the age difference between Magan’s sister and the protagonist, how that will be barrier in protagonist mind of his relationship with her. You read "How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster" in category "Papers" Or perhaps, it’s a culture/religious meaning separating boys and girls so they won’t go forth with their deeper desirers. 12)Chapter 13: It’s All Political In play I read in 10th grade called the â€Å"Raisin in the Sun† the writer Lorrain Hansberry put some of political views in the play. The play was about a black family wanting to move into a white neighbor in the 1950’s, of course it same time it’s written, it was avoids to me that it was written about civil rights in that time, and how the struggle for many African Americans to have those rights at that time. 3)Chapter 14: Yes, She’s a Christ Figure, Too Many works of liture there are stories that have Christ figures, especially in stories that have good versus evil. Usually the good side has Christ characteristics, like Holes by Louis Sachar, Stanley Christ figure, surprisingly he carries many of Christ characteristics. 1. He had wounds on his hands from shovel cutting him when w as digging. 2. He is in agony when he walked through the hot dessert to find Zero 3. He sis el sacrificing whe he runs away from the camp to save Zero, knowing he could die himself. 4. Although he is kid himself; he good with kids. He got along with everybody in the camp and also taught Zero to read. 5. Even though he doesn’t create water or food, he does found water and onons for Zero to drink and eat in the mountains. 6. He uses a humble needs of transportation because his family was poor he had to walk to school and other places. 7. He spent time in the dessert which is like the wilderness , even though he wasn’t alone, and everyone thought he was died because he was gone so long. 8. He had conformation with the devil/ Warden, when he went to the warden’s house. 9. He was last seen with thieves;the Warden, Mr. Sir, and Dr. Pandenski; those who wanted part of the loot. 10. Stanely finally comes back to reddem the unworthy world. In this story the â€Å"unworthy world â€Å" is the camp of delinquent juveniles. When came back he freed the kids from the camp. Stanley wasn’t exactly Jesus but he was good guy and he potryaed Christ like characteristics. 14) If She Comes Up, It’s Baptism The importance of â€Å"baptism† scenes is very clear in a lot of literature. It symbolizes a washing away of the old, a new start. Sometimes this doesn’t result in a good way, or in favor of the character at the time. A good example of this is in the movie Pearl Harbor. The story is of two best friends, Rafe and Danny, who are pilots of fighter planes. Rafe has a girlfriend, Evelyn, who is a nurse. Unfortunately, Rafe’s plane is shot down and lands in water, where he is submerged to what appears to be his death. When Rafe is submerged in the water, he doesn’t realize his life is changing around him. When his best friend and girlfriend hear of his death they become close, and end up forming a relationship themselves. Danny and Evelyn don’t realize until later that Rafe didn’t die in the plane crash. The crash was, in a sense, Rafe’s baptism, as a new life has been laid out before him (though he doesn’t know it yet). Rafe, upon his return, is expecting his life to continue as normal, with his best friend and girlfriend. Little does he know that Danny and Evelyn have formed a relationship, and when he finds out, he feels he’s lost both of them. 15)Chapter 19: Geography Matters Foster defines geography as any setting in a story that can define or be developed by characters in the story. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Harper Lee sets up the book to describe the area, and the people who lived there. Like when she describes Alabama, which is a confederate state and is known to very traditional and close minded. And also town itself is small and rural town where everyone knows everybody else’s business. When Lee’s describes Boo’s house it top to bottom; making it seem creepy and mysteries. Then she describes the other neighbor’s houses like Maddie. Her beautiful garden and how much she cared for it. Lee was making an introduction with the characters in the story before the character was even introduced. In the To Kill Mocking Bird, Lee used the geography setting around to describe who and what her characters where. 6) Chapter 20: †¦So Does the Season Robert Forest uses the poem October, to translate to the reader the in meaning full way, describing the passing of life, and how quickly it passes by. In the poem he describes how he wishes his young years slowed down, and old age, the frost of winter, will not settle in so quickly. It’s very go od seasonal poem about ageing and the hope of â€Å"less brief† days. 17) Interlude: One Story An archetype is an idea, person, or situation which is repeated in literature. An example of an archetype would be the mad scientist type of character which appears in many stories. A mad scientist doesn’t have to be evil or crazy; he just has to be so dedicated to his work that nothing else seems to matter. One example of this would be Dexter from the show Dexter’s Laboratory. He is constantly building crazy inventions which seem to always be destroyed by his sister. He has virtually no friends because he spends all of his time in his lab. Doc from Back to the Future would be another example of a mad scientist. He designs a time machine and uses wild and impractical methods to acquire materials and build the machine. When the device works it sends his friend Marty to the past and causes a whole mess. 8)Chapter 21: Marked of Greatness Harry Potter is left with only a mere scar of a lightning bolt, from his first encounter with Lord Voldemort. Voldemort had succeeded in killing many of the people living in the magical world, including Harry’s parents, but simply cannot defeat Harry even when he is only a baby. Anyone who is familiar with the Harry Potter series knows that the reason Harry was able to survive and defeat Lord Voldemort was because of the ‘power of love’ his mother displayed towards Harry. So from this scar we understand that Harry has what Lord Voldemort will never be able to defeat, which is simply the act of being loved. As the series continues and we learn that Lord Voldemort is slowly coming back into power, we already know the one person who has the power to defeat the dark lord. The only person who can bring Lord Voldemort back down from his power is the one who stripped away his strength and power in the first place, the boy who lived: Harry Potter. 19) Chapter 25: Don’t Read With Your Eyes In the â€Å"Scarlett Letter† Pearl, Hester’s daughter, was born out of wed-lock; so the towns people and, even her own mother, believed that she is evil and a â€Å"demon offspring†. As a twenty-first century reader that belief is ridicules because it happens in most cautions by choice or with â€Å"accidental† action. As for the reader of the time; in the late 1600 it was a strong colonial belief that the action, in this case the sin, of the parents will reflect of the child, and therefore the child is evil too. The author makes the assumption that the readers have a religious mindset and have same believe system. In this day in age, we do not have the same mentality. In some cases it could be bearer like Forster said, for the reader might shut out everything the book author had. 20) Chapter 26: Is He Serious? And Other Ironies In 1984 by George Orwell, this book is filled with irony from start to finish. Throughout the whole book every Party character is governed by the rule of double think. As Orwell writes â€Å"doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them†. This is a good example of irony because it is humanly impossible to grasp the meaning of this. Winston is surrounded by many ironic things such as when he goes to rent an apartment with Julia he believes that he is safe from harm’s way because he is in Prole territory. However he later finds out that the man renting them the room was a member of the thought police and the monitor was located behind the picture. When Winston was captured and thrown in jail he was physically torn apart by little food and hazardous condition this was used to help kill the rebellion inside him. However, the real test comes when he meets his fate in room 101. Here he is faced with his biggest fear: rats. They set up a face mask as to where the rats can attack his face, but before they release them Winston begins to speak of Big Brother and he once again becomes a loyal member of the party. The irony here is so strong due to the fact that he wanted to over throw the party just a few weeks before hand. Winston was worn down and broken. He become like every other member of the party, the very party he had hoped to destroy forever. 21) Chapter 27: A Test Cast Answering the Prompt: 1. In the short story â€Å"The Garden Party†, Mansfield is signifies to the reader how far the rich is to the poor. The rich class is so high and busy with their things, they don’t pay attention to the lower class. They are so detach with lower class, that they have no real sympathy, just pity. 2. She signifies this in her story by describing where both distinct families lived. The Sheridan’s lived higher up and their poorer neighbors live down below. The Sheridan’s didn’t even allowed their children to play with â€Å"the revolting children and their infected diseased. † So when Mrs. Sheridan send Laura, the youngest daughter, to give poor family left-over from the party, she went down to darken cottages, and saw the misery and heartbreak. It opens her up to question what life really is. â€Å"Isn’t life†¦? † She asked her dear brother, but even he couldn’t really answer the question. Though my erspective was completely different from the other examples, like Foster’s example of Persephone; it surprised me how much Greek mythology is in so many literature works, and how much I recognized and understood where he cited all is information. Though, Diane’s prespective blew me away. I honestly think I would never see that much detail in the story as she did. To be honest I had some prejudice feelings toward this story after finding out the Sheridan’s where rich, so it did limit my true understanding of the story. Now I see it was more of Laura’s story then a political story between the rich and the poor. How to cite How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster, Papers

Admission Essay free essay sample

I have always enjoyed studying medical subjects like physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, microbiology etc. I have always studied hard and obtained good marks in medical subjects. I have maintain an average of 4.0 or above in these subjects. I have deep interest in all these subjects. I hope that if I pursue my career in medical then I can prove to be very helpful in health care community. In my pre-medical school when I first took the courses of medicine in details I became too much interested in the subject. I’ve always loved helping others and especially those who are ill. I have researched a lot and studied in details the working of human body and am fascinated by the information presented. With gaining more knowledge of health science I grew eager and eager to know more about this subject. I am inspired to become a doctor of medicine and pursue my career in this field. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have participated in several healthcare camps and helping out patients to reach such camps and get their medicine. I’ve also joined healthcare training programs and studied courses offered by the American Medical Association Future MD programs. During these programs I have learned a lot how to take care of patients and what role physicians play in clinics and hospitals. I have spent more time in hospitals with health professionals and also happen to see surgical procedures in operating room. I have volunteered my time in hospitals in helping out physicians and also patients during their treatment. I have always enjoyed this time and have become more ambitious to become a professional doctor. By taking care of patients and helping out needy one can realize the importance of humanity and the joy of serving them. I am determined that my compassion can lead me to success. I am well aware that this field needs a lot of practice and patience. While studying in medical school every student must develop enough skills to practice dealing with patients and their diseases. I have already attended several wards with physicians while studying extra courses. I am also aware of community health and how it affects health of each individual. Maintaining health in community is important because many infections and life threatening diseases arise because of lack of health sanitary maintenance at community level. I have also studied certain short courses on computer programming and learned languages like German and French. I believe it is necessary to have some acquaintance with other countries’ languages. German and French are widely spoken and most popular. In addition, new scientific discoveries and literature can be read in these two languages. Some of my hobbies and extra-curricular activities include tennis and squash. I love music and enjoy playing piano. I believe while participating actively in games and outdoor sports I can keep myself physically active. I also do weight training thrice a week that keeps my body in tune and my muscles in good condition. Physical activity and exercising daily is very good and necessary for physical health. Exercise increases oxygen supply to each organ and enhance blood flow that improves performance of each organ. I have studied a number of courses in medical science and always kept a good record. My previous academic performance is outstanding. I have also undertaken a research project and have been able to demonstrate my skills in research studies. I look forward that as soon as I am selected I will prove my best to be one of outstanding and achieving student of your faculty.

Right18000 Essays - Education, Behavior Modification, Learning

right18000 How to Help all Students Succeed Chapter 7: First Days of SCHOOL Kadeejah M. Johnson | Managing the Diverse Classroom | October 17, 2016 Unit B: The First Characteristic The most important day of any one's education is the first day of school. One student drops out of school every 27 seconds. Celebrating the first day is and should be a tradition of every educational system. A celebration should include parents and the business community; amongst the neighborhood as well. Welcome the children to school; student's comet to school with high expectations. The most influential time is that of meeting friends, participating, having fun, studying and learn. Everyon e inside the school should focus on planning the students welcome to school. The most successful venture of this is that young people become interrelated and express community team effort. There should be a list of the guidelines to follow in sense preparation. Teaching and s howing our students allows us as teachers to be open to the responsibility for one another and what we hope to gain from the school year. School is a unique place they are instantly where students come to listen to teachers. School is a concept at which students are welcome to learn and broaden the quality of their lives. The greatest gift is to give the opportunity to learn and grow in a loving and nurturing environment.

How to Become a Better Negotiator Essays

How to Become a Better Negotiator Essays How to Become a Better Negotiator Essay How to Become a Better Negotiator Essay How to Become a Better Negotiator is composed into 9 chapters. Each chapter contains story examples, questions, tips, and discussion questions at the end of the chapter that serve as a review to help better improve a negotiators abilities. Moreover, Chapter 1: Win- Lose or Win-win, illustrates these types of negotiations. A Win-win resolution would be more effective in the long run. Relationships in this type of negotiation are of high importance as they can help create value through trade as they collaborate with each other on an agreement. Conversely, in a Win-Lose negotiation, the characteristics are hat a relationship with the other party is not of high importance. Each side is focused on a fixed price. The book uses a pie as an example to demonstrate how each party attempts to take as much as they can for themselves leaving the other side with a much smaller slice as possible. In Getting to Yes, they refer this type of negotiation to be Hard. The parties are adversaries and the goal is victory: I win, you lose, it is a type of positional bargaining of that can break the relationship between the two parties. Therefore, it puts the relationship to risk as the conditions of a allegations depend on the concessions being made. Chapter 2: Indispensable Concepts are the importance of having the three concepts of: alternatives and reserve price to prepare you for a negotiation. In reference to Getting to Yes, How to Become a Better Negotiator also introduces the theory of having an alternative called, BATAAN ( Best Alternative to a Negotiation Agreement) which employs the negotiator to bargain in a position with higher strength with confidence. Mutually, both books suggest that you should in advance prepare some alternatives that set a base to now when to walk away from a negotiation if it fails to give you what you want, and or if your alternative is better than the current negotiation being offered. Another concept introduced is to have a reserved price which should be your walk away price to a negotiation if it exceeds your limit. As a seller, you should come up with a numerical number before entering a negotiation that will be the lowest price you would accept a deal and a buyer should know what his highest price paid would be. This gives you an idea of how much you have available to haggle with. In Getting to Yes, they refer this concept as a Trip Wire standard; its like a bottom line which provides you with a margin in reserve. Chapter 3: Communication Styles introduces four different styles of which people usually fall in one or a few depending on the situation. The first style is Listeners theyre people orientated who take their time in making a decisions, good mediators and team builders, but they are not high risk orientated who are very enthusiastic with the concept of ideas. Their good energy is contagious, but they fail to implement ideas as they are impulsive people sidetracked y having fun. They also are known to change the subject when feeling stressed. The third style is Doers are less people orientated. They are very assertive, task orientated, and competitive. Their main problem is that they may be arrogant, not as good of a listener and often forget to reflect of their decisions before implementing them. The last style is Thinkers they are very detailed and take much longer to finalize a decision because they are trying to find the ideal solution. They can be repetitive at times, very serious and inflexible. This chapter helps guide a negotiator o identify what their core style is and how to improve it or tailor it to the competitors style in order to come too wise agreement. Chapter 4: Listening as a Primary Negotiating Skill. Listening is a highly important skill to have . Len order to be good listener, you need to be able to hear, interpret, evaluate and react. The author provides three quizzes that enable you to distinguish what level of a good listener fall in. In Getting to Yes, the author also focuses on listening in the Separate the People from the Problem chapter as their technique of listening permits you to understand here the person is coming from, sympathize with their emotions, and suggests paying attention and hearing what the opposing parties are telling you. They suggest a standard technique of repeating what the other party has shared with you such as, Did I understand correctly that you are saying..? . This demonstrated that they were being heard and understood. In How to Become a Better Negotiator, they too offer the similar technique of listening called Reflective Listening as they advise to paraphrase what the other party is saying to demonstrate that you were hearing them and to how that you understand. You may use reflective listening by stating l understand what you are saying and how you are feeling which not only shows sympathy, but also clears up any misinterpretations. Chapter 5 Managing Conflict illustrates a test in which the reader can identify what type of conflict style they have. The five styles are: 1- Withdrawal / Avoidance, when the issues are serious, 2-Smoothing Accommodations, when the issues are minor and damage to a relationship may be caused, 3-Compromising, ideal solution not needed and both parties have equal power. -Forcing/ Competition, immediate action needed and relationship is not highly important and Problem Solving/ Collaborative, parties have common goals, and a long term relationship is expected. Both books agree on the fact that conflict is a good thing and that it is beneficial as it allows people to speak on behalf of their feelings and leads to solutions in problem solving. Chapter 6 The Importance of Assertiveness starts off with a test to measure the level of assertiveness that you have as a person. This chapter is very important and newly provided information of which Getting to Yes does not touch upon in depth as this book does. It helps you to gather many strategies to work with conflicting people and situations. Confront Gently is the first assertive way to handle gentle confrontation by maintaining control of your emotions, maintain control of non-verbal, listen to your opposing party, and verbalize you future expectations by specifying the term, which Getting to Yes likes to say Be soft on the people and hard on the problem. Another tactic of showing Assertiveness of which Getting to Yes does not touch up on much is Saying ass is asked for unfair, unfeasible expectations by standing up to your interests and saying No. Another tactic that the book touches up on is how to Handle Your Anger and theirs. They suggest listening to the opposing party, allowing them to let off steam, demonstrate empathy, ask open-ended questions and maintain quiet if they are unreasonable. In Getting to Yes they introduce the philosophy of Negotiation Jujitsu, where you avoid pushing back, but instead exert strength by resisting their anger by exploring interests, inventing options for mutual gain along with listening to heir frustrations. The book also touches up on maintaining silence as a tactic for the other party to have the opportunity to recollect and clarify or retract from their unreasonable request or statement. Chapter 7 Prepare to Negotiate allows you to use the skills of negotiation that you have learned so far to prepare for a business deal. To prepare you need to identify issues and interest by Jotting them down on a piece of paper. Getting to Yes also has the similar strategy of writing down interests. The book goes into more detail of when during the negotiation to be clear and firm n your interests and to listen engagingly to the opposing parties interest to understand their needs, hopes, fears, and desires. It also states to ask questions as to why their interests are what they are. The combination of both books on interests is very informative. The other preparation tip that How to Become a Better Negotiator offers is to determine your BATAAN and a reserve price. Chapter 8 Doing the Deal touches up on the steps and tactics of doing a deal. The first step Getting to Know Each Other to take the time before and after to get to know each other to get a better understanding of what their interests may be. Other steps are expressing disagreement and conflict (as was talked about it chapter 6 on how to address), Reassessing, Compromising and Reaching Agreement. A tactic that the book offers during a negotiation process is Framing Issues that people use as a framework to draw out reality. In Getting to Yes they identify this as Using Objectives and Criteria to discuss on the merits. They use a set of standards such as market value, book value, comparative price to make a deal appear fair and reasonable. Another tactic offered by How to Become a Better Negotiator is offering alternative deals of which Getting to Yes also uses as to use collaboration from the opposing party come up with other creative suggestions to finalize a deal. A tactic that I have not read yet in Getting to Yes is how to deal with Using Time to Advantage. If you have taken the time to ask questions and listen to the opposing parties interest and if you know they are in a limited in time to close a deal, you could use that to your advantage. The book uses an example of purchasing a home from a seller who is pressed on time and how o tactically get them to close the deal quickly. The final chapter 9 Common Pitfalls is great ending chapters on how to deal with different types of negotiation you are to encounter and how to deal with typical negotiation mistakes. You have realistic story examples of dealing with The Hardball Bargainer, Take it or Leave it The Temper Tantrum (of which Getting to Yes does as well). One of the many mistakes it points out is having a big ego and when negotiation fails to find and arbitrator or mediator. Getting to Yes also recommends to introduce a third party to focus on interest, options and criteria to help reach an agreement in the What if They Wont Play chapter. In resolution, How to Become a Better Negotiator has been a pleasure to to add to my pallet of preparing for negotiations. The top 3 major lessons that I plan to use in the future are, 1: Plan ahead of time and come up with a BATAAN as well as a reserved price. This will enable me to gain confidence and help me understand exactly where I stand in a negotiation. 2: During a negotiation I want to become a better listener and ask key questions which will help me get to know my opponents interest and understand how they feel. It is key that I maintain quite at all times when the other party is speaking and to paraphrase when they are done so that they know that I heard them so there wont be any misunderstanding. 3-The final lesson I learned was to be more assertive and know how to use it to my advantage. Sometimes paraphrasing what the other party has said or even asking questions as to why they set a price or how they came up with their decision and if their response is unrealistic, unreasonable, or unfair to maintain quiet for a sometime. This is an excellent strategy which I cannot wait to implement.

What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma How to Get Yours

What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma How to Get Yours SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you dropped out of high school or are considering dropping out, there are other ways to earn credentials that are considered equal to a high school diploma. A High School Equivalency Diploma (HSED) is one option that you might consider as an alternative to a GED or traditional high school diploma. I'll give you the details on what a High School Equivalency Diploma is, how you can get one, and how to decide if it's the right choice for your situation. What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma? An HSED is considered equivalent to a regular high school diploma, but you can earn it at a later date after dropping out of high school. Most professional jobs require at least a high school diploma, so it will almost certainly benefit your career if you go through an HSED program. Employers, colleges, and certain branches of the military may prefer the HSED over the GED because the HSED's requirements are more extensive. This relates to one potential downside of the HSED: you will most likely have to take more classes or tests (as compared to the GED) to get it. If you’ve earned Social Studies and Health credits in the past; however, it may be very simple to get these requirements out of the way. Why Would You Want to Get Your High School Equivalency Diploma? The HSED is a good option for students who haven't had the chance to earn a traditional high school diploma. It's accepted by most employers and colleges as a substitute for a high school diploma, so it will give you more opportunities in your career and education. The difference between an HSED and a GED is not hugely significant, but there are cases where the HSED is preferred. Though both credentials are technically the same, a GED only indicates that you've passed a test, whereas an HSED indicates that you've passed a test and completed some other coursework. The HSED is also technically equivalent to a regular high school diploma, but in practice, most employers and colleges prefer the traditional diploma. If you still have the opportunity to go back and complete your course of study in high school (in most states you can do this if you're under 20), I would recommend that you do so instead of earning an HSED or GED. A regular high school diploma is more highly respected because it indicates that you were able to persevere through long-term assignments as opposed to just being able to pass a test and complete a few additional requirements. Still, if going back to high school isn't an option for you, an HSED is the next best thing. Thanks, creepy 1950s-style children! What Are the Requirements for a High School Equivalency Diploma? In certain states, you will need to take the HiSET or High School Equivalency Test to show that you have mastered the skills necessary to earn your diploma. The test is comprised of five smaller subtests that range from 65 minutes to 2 hours in length: Language Arts-Reading (40 multiple-choice questions) Language Arts-Writing (50 multiple-choice questions and an essay) Mathematics (50 multiple-choice questions) Science (50 multiple-choice questions) Social Studies (50 multiple-choice questions) The HiSET is offered in English and Spanish, and accommodations are available for test-takers with disabilities upon request. States offering the HiSET include California, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Wyoming. In states where the HiSET is not offered, you will need to take the General Educational Development (GED) test as one of the requirements for earning your HSED. This test has four subjects: Reasoning Through Language Arts, Mathematical Reasoning, Science, and Social Studies. There is one essay question in the Reading Through Language Arts section and one in the Social Studies section, along with two short answer questions in the Science section. The rest of the questions are multiple choice. The content of the test was recently updated in 2014 to incorporate more textual analysis and specific mathematical and writing skills. You can read more about the changes here. Both the HiSET and the GED tests are taken on the computer rather than as pencil and paper exams. An HSED is different from a GED certificate because it has a couple of extra requirements. To earn an HSED, you will need to fulfill requirements in the subjects of health, civic literacy, and employability skills in addition to taking a core subject exam like the HiSET or GED test. The requirements for health and civics can be satisfied by passing two untimed exams, by showing that you’ve earned 0.5 Health credits and 3 Social Studies credits in the past, or by passing a 30-hour course in each subject. If you can provide proof of credits in the form of a high school transcript, you won’t need to take the extra tests or classes. For the employability skills requirement, you will have to create a resume and participate in a course that will help you come up with a career plan. Different states have varying eligibility requirements for students hoping to earn a High School Equivalency Diploma. You must be at least 16 to take either the GED or the HiSET; in some states, the minimum age is 17. You also can’t be currently enrolled in high school and must meet your state’s requirements for the amount of time you’ve been out of school. In California, for example, if you’re only 17 and you want to take the HiSET, you must have been out of high school for at least 60 consecutive days and provide a letter of request from the military, a postsecondary institution, or a potential employer. Consult this page for state-by-state HiSET eligibility requirements and this page for links to state GED test eligibility requirements. If you learned about these dudes at some point in high school, you might be able to get out of the Social Studies requirement. Should You Try to Get Your HSED? There are a couple of things you should consider before deciding to get your HSED: Can You Still Go Back to High School? First of all, are you young enough that going back to high school is an option? Different states have different policies, but typically if you're under the age of 20, you can still re-enroll in high school. Overall, it's better to get a regular high school diploma than an HSED or a GED. If it's at all possible for you to return to high school, you should seriously consider doing so. What Are Your Career and Educational Goals? The purpose of earning an HSED is to increase your potential in the job world and possibly attend college. In almost any career field, it's vital or at least beneficial to have a high school diploma. If you hope to go to college, it's essential. Still, before you earn an HSED, you should start investigating what you want to do or where you want to go to college. You may need to consider other requirements, and you might decide to wait a bit before starting an HSED program, depending on your current financial situation and the steps you need to take to fulfill your goals. If you have career goals that don't require a high school diploma for entry-level positions, you could decide to get some work experience under your belt first and earn an HSED at a later date. In some cases, you might want to break ground in the job world before going after your HSED. How Can You Find an HSED Program? Will It Cost Money? HSED tests and courses can be found at many community colleges and adult education centers all over the country. For the HiSET, you can schedule a testing date through your online account or by calling ETS customer service at 1-855-MyHiSET (1-855-694-4738). Use this link to search for HiSET test centers near you. If your state is not on the list of states that offer the HiSET, you will be taking the GED test to fulfill HSED requirements instead. You can call 1-800-62-MYGED (800-626-9433) for a referral to prep programs and testing sites near you, along with a practice test and an informational brochure. Courses are free, although you will have to pay a fee to take the exams. The total cost is $145 for the GED test if you don’t have to retake any subtests. Retakes are $10 for each of the core subject tests and $5 for the health and civics tests. The HiSET is typically slightly less expensive, but fees vary by state. Again, check the page on eligibility requirements for more information about how much the HiSET costs in each state. Get in touch with your state’s contact person for the GED or with ETS Customer Service for the HiSET if you have any additional questions about the tests and courses that make up the program and where you can take them. The HiSET and the GED tests cost some money, but these stacks of ones would probably cover both of them. What's Next? Is the GED a better fit for your needs? Learn how to get your GED online here. We also have a collection of the best GED practice tests for you to use in your studying. You don't necessarily have to earn a stellar GPA in high school to get into college. Take a look at our list of the best colleges with low GPA requirements. If you're hoping to attend college but are unsure how to begin the search process, check out this step by step guide for doing college research. Students who earn an HSED or GED may choose to attend community college for a year or two and then transfer to a four-year college. Read our complete guide to transferring colleges to learn more about this process. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

QUALITATIVE Report - research technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

QUALITATIVE Report - research technique - Essay Example Modern medical definitions describe alcoholism as a disease and addiction which results in a persistent use of alcohol despite negative consequences. While the ingestion of alcohol is, by definition, necessary to develop alcoholism, the use of alcohol does not predict the development of alcoholism. It is estimated that 9% of the general population is predisposed to alcoholism based on genetic factors. The quantity, frequency and regularity of alcohol consumption required to develop alcoholism varies greatly from person to person. In addition, although the biological mechanisms underpinning alcoholism are uncertain, some risk factors, including social environment, stress, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age, and gender have been identified. For example, those who consume alcohol at an early age, by age 16 or younger, are at a higher risk of alcohol dependence or abuse. Also, studies indicate that the proportion of men with alcohol dependence are higher than that of the proportion of women, 7% and 2.5% respectively, although women are more vulnerable to long-term consequences of alcoholism. Denial is a defense mechanism in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept, which prompts the individual to reject it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The concept of denial is particularly important to the study of addiction, including alcohol dependence. Several years later, those who have received treatments and recovered from alcoholism continue to drink alcohol, insisting that there is no problem with their dependence and they are functioning normally. Most alcoholics enjoy being social drinkers. Frequently, they spend much of their time, as well as their effort, in controlling or curbing their drinking habits. They may attempt to drink only during the end of the week

Is the hotel postmodernist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is the hotel postmodernist - Essay Example The reason I like Atlantis, the Palm hotel Dubai is due to its ideal location and huge infrastructure. It’s not only the building, the architecture and the interior of the building that enchants my soul but the location and the theme of the hotel mesmerize me. The entire hotel is based on a resort theme; a world surrounded by water and marine life as well as it provides a world of recreational activities for the people staying on board which makes it different from other hotels all around the world. It is a post modern hotel as mentioned earlier that it is a 5 star resort which is surrounded by Aquaventure themed water park on 40 acres. The hotel also has a conference center for high end executive class meetings and conferences. What makes this hotel interesting is the presence of Dolphin Bay which gives a lifetime opportunity to the guests to swim and play with dolphins while enjoying their stay at hotel. Each corner of the hotel represents the unique taste of Arabia with the sea-facing sights and an insight to marine life from the corner of every wall within the hotel. Interior Design: The interior of the hotel is designed by the efforts of internationally known designers and interiors. It was a joint effort by Jeffert Beers of JBI (Jeffery Beers International) along with the skilled team of designers from David Rockwell from the Rockwell Group and Adam D. Tihany. Others including Wilson and Associates, WATG, EDSA and Wimberly have given the best of their efforts in creating an excellent masterpiece. The hotel also features the works by the world class interior artists Dale Chihuly and Albino Gonzalez. The lobby of the Royal Towers at arrival greets the tourists and the guests with its magnificent artwork and murals. The 19 meter high ceiling of the lobby welcomes the guests with splendid hand artwork painted by Albino Gonzalez; a Spanish artist. The murals on the ceilings depicts four seasons of the year along with the fine representation of solar cal endar’s development. The ceilings finely tell the story of Arabian legends and their splendor to the visitors. The entire interior of the hotel makes it uniquely different from other hotels around the world. Location Atlantis, the Palm is located at The Palm, Dubai which is an artificial sand island. The island itself is shaped like a palm tree which makes the location interesting for the visitors and the tourists. The hotel has a total of 1539 rooms. It was a huge project which cost 1.8$ billion during its construction. The relationship between the construction sector and the Dubai’s hotel industry has been extremely positive. Ideally, the Northern corridors of Dubai including its favorite tourism destinations have become the focus of modern designs. The implementation of a number of tourism concepts across the Arab Peninsula has become an answer to the country’s bristling hotel industry. The Dubai historical factor as well as the stylistic-semiotic study which covers the development of the country’s hotel architecture indicates that the focus is based on the hotel-casino complexes and the self-styled postmodernist buildings. Their impact is significant because the modernist attitude include the changing trends that mirage the International Styles and rarely defined traditional Dubai Architectures. Introduction The relatively short Dubai coastline provides a symbolic history that explains the country’s is strategically located and it has been found to be

Postmodern tendencies in American TV Essay Example for Free

Postmodern tendencies in American TV Essay Television scholars have observed that in the past twenty years American popular television has undergone a major transformation in style and form. John Thornton Caldwell uses the term televisuality to signify a development in the images running through the small screen. Such a shift in form and presentation developed alongside contextual factors. Caldwell explains his view in detail: Starting in the 1980s, American mass-market television underwent an uneven shift in the conceptual and ideological paradigms that governed its look and presentational demeanor. In several important programming and institutional areas, television moved from a framework that approached broadcasting primarily as a form of word-based rhetoric and transmission†¦to a visually based mythology, framework and aesthetic based on an extreme self-consciousness of style. (1995, p. 4) This emphasis on style is predicated on reconceptualizations of form and presentation in television, consequentially changing production and labor practices: With increasing frequency, style itself became the subject, the signified, if you will, of television. In fact, the self-consciousness of style became so great that it can more accurately be described as an activity—as a performance of style—rather than a particular look. (1995, pp. 4 -5) Televisuality is more than a historical phenomenon; it is also a discursive product. The ramifications of televisual style are brought about by business conditions, technology and audience reception, as well as intended changes in industry and aesthetic practices. Certainly there are factors unique to this contemporary trend, but Caldwell is quick to point out that televisuality is not some original invention that does not have historical precedents. It can be traced from a long history of â€Å"aesthetic posturing†; that is, stylization has been a regular artistic practice in television production that has snowballed, albeit unevenly, into what mass-market television has become of date. Furthermore, stylization is tied to a much broader landscape—to processes of transformation in mass media and American popular culture. Caldwell’s approach, that of historicizing and contextualizing stylization, necessarily leads to another aspect—its ideological implications. Given the rather broad conceptualization, instead of offering one sweeping definition Caldwell identifies six principles of televisuality (pp. 5-10). These principles are explored in-depth in his seminal work, Televisuality: Style, Crisis and Authority in American Television. I shall enumerate them and briefly explain the author’s ideas in the paragraphs that follow. Even though these tenets were discussed with special reference to the 1980s, the era that signaled the major turn in television’s presentational format, I will nevertheless explain them with the presumption of their universal (non-time bound) applicability. 1. Televisuality was a stylizing performance—an exhibitionism that utilized many different looks. According to Caldwell, televisuality is a â€Å"presentational attitude† that emphasizes exhibitionism. Exhibitionism is evinced through the use of different existing visual looks and stylizations, leading to different of â€Å"guises†. This means that the conventional genres of presentation and format are less evident. The constant â€Å"experimentation† and blurring of boundaries make for a certain visual spectacles. 2. Televisuality represented a structural inversion. If before television shows prioritized subject over style, and the visual packaging of the image was relegated to the background, beginning in the mid-1980s some shows placed style on the foreground. This practice is not simply a positional swap. Style or the presentation of the image, Caldwell clarifies, is the subject, or in other words, is significantly tied to the text itself: â€Å"(S)tyle was no longer a bracketed flourish, but was the text of the show† (p. 6). To analyze the televisual text is to articulate to the act of presentation of the subject itself. 3. Televisuality was an industrial product. The third principle refers to an important foundation of televisuality—the mode of production. For Caldwell, televisuality—including the â€Å"presentational guises, the narrative forms, and the politics of mainstream television† (p. 7) stems from the technological and production developments, some of which result from specific cultural and economic needs. At the same time, the production base evinces particular audience attitudes and responses. 4. Televisuality was a programming phenomenon. As stated earlier, televisuality is a product of television history; it has its precedents. Exhibitionism and spectacle is not an entirely unique phenomenon; what is unique is the manner in which â€Å"showcasing† is done by broadcast networks. Another example is the presentation and branding of some shows as â€Å"special events†: Programming designed around special-event status was also not entirely new, although the kind of prestige and programming spin that special events offered threatened to dominate television by the late 1980s. † (p. 9) Thus, today the viewer finds â€Å"exclusive† news coverage commonplace in news and public affairs shows, and there is a saturation of â€Å"reality† game shows documenting the lives of ordinary people desperate for instant fame and fortune. 5. Televisuality was a function of audience. Caldwell notes how television audiences have become more varied in terms of taste and preferences. Audience response, from his view is both manufactured by networks, as well as a function of agency. As the cultural literacy of audiences is developed across different social segments, audiences’ sensibilities are also trained by the continuous development and revision of shows on television. For example the introduction of video games in the mass market in the early 80s profoundly shaped young people’s lifestyles. Meanwhile, television makes use of technological developments like the videogames to reinvent the stylistic wheel, so to speak, in turn orienting audiences towards developing new viewing pleasures. 6. Televisuality was a product of the economic crisis. In the 1980s, mainstream networks were stunned by the popularity of cable viewing. Caldwell believes stylistic showcasing is the mainstream networks’ approach to â€Å"protect(ing) market share† as the business conditions became more competitive. While Caldwell focuses on stylistic (re)presentation in contemporary American television, another scholar, Jason Mittell (2006), focuses on developments in television genre and narrative. Mittell uses the concept of narrative complexity to approach the intertextual tendencies of television serials. Following his work that posits a cultural approach to genre study (A Cultural Approach to Television Genre Theory, 2001), Mittell insists that popular American television should be broadly understood as a product of cultural, historical, and structural forces. New trends in genre development should be examined alongside contextual factors – network business outcomes, shifts in industrial and artistic practices, technological innovations, and audience tastes and responses. Additionally, narrative complexity should be approached as a cultural phenomenon. Mittell’s critical perspective shares with Caldwell a broader view of television studies, whereby context is read into particular aspects of the text (style/stylization, genre, narrative). Like Caldwell, he also situates the unique formal qualities of the narrative within structural and historical developments in production, circulation and audience reception. Perhaps in anticipation of Mittell’s view, Caldwell (1995) also suggests that one way of analyzing the form and functions of televisuality by comparing earlier conventional genres and more recent attempts to incorporate stylistic embellishment and exhibitionism (p. 18). Mittell observes that narrative complexity is a striking feature of some of today’s popular television fare, offering an alternative to earlier conventional formats. Mittell takes after film scholar David Bordwell with the view that the term encompasses a particular set of â€Å"norms of narrational construction and comprehension† (Bordwell cited by Mittell, 2006, p. 29), which combines different genres, movements and creators in coming up with a coherent whole. These features are drawn from cinema as a reference, however, and thus Mittell also points out that while cinematic techniques over the last decade have also shaped the television narrative in certain ways (for instance, the crossing-over of film auteurs and practitioners to the small screen have brought about a new breed of â€Å"quality television† or â€Å"intelligent† serial programs; filmic intertextuality, or the combination of other media like novels and comic books in making films), contemporary television storytelling style should still be examined according to the medium’s unique features, structures, history and language (p. 29). Mittell also adopts what he calls a â€Å"historical poetics† in his definition of narrative complexity an approach that invites the reader to go beyond the borders of the text. The textual features should be read in conjunction with particular socio-historical contexts—industry and production trends, technological developments, and changing audience behaviors, and the like. Awareness of the influence of specific contextual factors assumes that narrative development is not an isolated textual whole but a product of external factors. Mittell then traces the rise of narrative complexity in the television. Most of the television practices he cites are more or less synonymous to factors that also brought forth the era of televisuality, which Caldwell pointed out. For instance, Mittell explains how the appeal of the small screen captivated film creators and professionals who started out in the film industry. David Lynch (Twin Peaks), Allan Ball (Six Feet Under), and Joss Whedon (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel) are notable examples. Part of the attraction is that television, being a â€Å"producer’s medium†, creators gain more authority and leverage compared to the director-centric film production (p. 31). Modes of television viewing also compelled networks to re-strategize programming practices and schedules. Beginning in the mid-80s the popularity of serial narratives gradually declined. It was found that audiences lacked the sustained attention for weekly serials. A relatively new kind of practice, the syndication of TV programs became a major challenge for networks, as it gave audiences more elbow room to view episodes of their favorite shows without having to follow a fixed weekly schedule. Another trend that Mittell observed in terms of reception is the increasing diversity of audiences. As new broadcasting companies and channels add to the media clutter, they develop shows that cater to certain demographic brackets or attuned to specific cult followers in order to compete with established networks like CBS and NBC. As always, technological innovations impact significantly on television. For Mittell, the television industry easily latches on the latest technology to advance aesthetic and production purposes. As an example, one of the most recent developments that single-handedly changed the cultural landscape is the Internet. Television cashed in on this new technology by putting up fan sites and â€Å"official† TV program sites. These sites extend television viewing, as they enable followers to do a range of activities (discussion of episodes with other viewers, purchasing of merchandize, research information about the show) in relation to the show itself. The postmodern turn in television The above discussions can be subsumed to the overarching theoretical paradigm called postmodernism. Televisuality and narrative complexity can be regarded as actual structural features and dynamics that demonstrate the postmodern condition in the realm of television. Several of the features and themes that characterize postmodernism, charted by Jim Collins in â€Å"Television and Postmodernism† (1997) resonates with the definitions of televisuality and narrative complexity proffered by Caldwell and Mittell. For instance, Collins discusses how postmodernism is predicated on the proliferation and circulation of signs or images, in part propelled by the latest technology (cable, VCR, digital technology, the Internet) (p. 193). The bombardment of images, all of which demand the viewer’s attention, eventually effaces meaning. The primacy of the image is also an attribute of televisuality, especially in its claim that style is the text/signifer. In addition, there is also the logic of excess that in televisual parlance translates to excessive style. Eclecticism seems to be a commonplace notion in discussions of televisuality and narrative complexity. In the latter, the employment of various styles in the process of expermentation or stylization is a form of eclecticism; in the latter, the cross-fertilization of differing genres. Related to this is intertextuality, the use or borrowing of various formats resulting in the blurring of boundaries, or the reorganization of genre or style hierarchies. Though features of conventional prototypes may still be recognizable in a given text, their combination or recombination attracts the viewer’s attention more distinctly. In this paper I will attempt to show what is postmodern in American television. Many accounts of postmodernism dabble in excess themselves, and fail to anchor much of the claims in empirical realities. I believe that what postmodernism articulates in theory is more acutely contained in the concepts of televisuality and narrative complexity. Thus, while the critical perspective employed here remains to be postmodernism, my analysis uses more empirical conceptual handles.

Duplicitous Characters in Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Duplicitous Characters in Othello Many of the characters in Shakespeare's tragedy, "Othello" are duplicitous to the extent that how they are perceived in public is not how they behave in private. This is not always intentional, although with a character such as Iago, it is difficult to encounter the real person as his entire life is an act. Othello is seen as a brave and loyal soldier, but is initially presented as dark and dangerous by Roderigo and Iago. To Brabantio, Othello appears to have black magical powers, but in fact, the private truth is that Othello won Desdemona with stories of "disastrous chances ... moving accidents [and] hair-breadth scapes". Othello is concerned with his reputation and upholds a strict code of honour both privately and publicly. He dismisses Cassio as soon as he discovers his officer's drunken actions. Similarly, as soon as he suspects Desdemona of adultery, Othello watches her like a hawk. Finally, the act of killing his wife is not an act of revenge for Othello, but of justice. He justifies his actions: "She must die, else she'll betray more men". Emilia initially believes that he killed Desdemona for no reason as Desdemona has appeared innocent to her throughout. It is difficult to judge Iago's private morality against his public face. Firstly, his public face varies depending with whom he is speaking. Secondly, analysing Iago's private morality is challenging when he appears to have no morals in the first place. Iago is jealous of many people for various, often unjustifiable, reasons, yet at the same time is known to most as "honest Iago" and is their apparent friend. He appears to be loyal to Othello, helping him to "discover" his wife's infidelity, but concurrently is plotting against Othello. It is again difficult to determine Iago's public face as he is always acting and his "face" depends on his company. He has no qualms about embroiling innocent parties in his plans. Iago can act as Desdemona's friend when Othello leaves her in his charge and then Iago turns around and plants seeds of suspicion in Othello's mind about her fidelity. While Desdemona appears to be all that is good to the audience, it must be remembered that she betrayed her father's trust when she married Othello and she later lied to her husband about the handkerchief which was to become so important. To Othello, Desdemona appears to be "that cunning whore of Venice".

The Working Poor and Healthcare

Cydney Skeens F. B. C Ms. Gaines 9 October 2012 Writing Assignment: The Working Poor Poverty can be defined by the necessities and amenities that one does not have in their life. Due to the expectations created by our society, we have a tendency to judge others based on the clothes they wear or the cars they drive, and we automatically assume that those who cannot afford these luxuries are either uneducated, unskilled or a combination of both.We completely disregard the fact that not all people have control of their financial stability and that anything can damage their current state of wealth. Even the wealthiest of families can find themselves making their way to the bottom due to an unfortunate tragedy such as a death in the family or being laid off from a job, both of which are aspects that cannot be predicted or prevented, and the only thing families can do is accept it. The American Myth claims that someone from the humblest of beginnings can achieve success, but this statement could not be more false.Although a major cause of poverty is financial trouble, a key component that factors in is how the past affects the future. Those who come from troubled beginnings often lead a life of poor behavior and bad decision making skills. Some even work their lives away and still continue to struggle financially, mainly because they had no foundation to build upon due to the fact that they had to start from the absolute bottom. A popular topic of discussion commonly found in politics is the Health Care Reform of 2013-2018. This legislation requires that â€Å"all U.S citizens, with limited expectations, have health insurance coverage and establish the State Exchanges that will make available standardized plan offerings for individuals and certain employers†. The legislation also states that penalties will be assessed to those who are not covered (Banyan LLC). As for the individuals and families who cannot afford it, their financial hardships label them as an exception to those consequences (Banyan LLC). Specifically in the state of Arkansas, many consider President Barack Obama’s health care plan as â€Å"politically toxic†. On August 18th 2012,Governor Mike Beebe spoke at the Democratic Party of Arkansas and openly admitted that, although stating in the past that he would have voted against Obama’s health care reform, he now wants to follow through with the plan and help prevent a â€Å"republican takeover†(Press). Seeing that a quarter of the states working population is uninsured, Beebe believes this will benefit the people who work so hard but are still not able to afford the coverage. â€Å"I think it’s good for our people because it’s helping folks that don’t have insurance now that are working their tails off† (Press).If the expanded Medicaid policy passed, coverage would be offered to all citizens that make up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level (Press). Debbie Will hite, a Democratic Consultant in Little Rock, stated â€Å"we are a very poor state, and nobody needs to be told that. We have an incredible population that is undeserved by health care† (Press). When referring back to the American Myth, those who work hard can make it to the top, we can see that it is directly correlated with Health Care here in the state of Arkansas.Considering that Arkansas is a â€Å"poor state†, Governor Mike Beebe clearly points out the fact that although his people are hard-working citizens, many are still unable to afford a comfortable life style. This includes living without the protection of reliable health insurance coverage. In conclusion, I believe that the overall concept of the Health Care Reform coincides and supports my outlook on poverty. Works Cited Banyan LLC. â€Å"Articles. † Article:Health Care Reform 2013 to 2018. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. . Press, Associated. â€Å"In Arkansas, Governor Changes Course on Health Ca re to Help Uninsured, Struggling Democrats. † Washington Post. The Washington Post, 25 Sept. 2012. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. .

Converse Product Information

Product information 1. the name of all star come from full name:ALL STAR CHUCK TAYLOR Converse 1917 the world's first dual-ALL STAR canvas shoes in production, and the beginning of the twentieth century is known as â€Å"basketball ambassador,† said U. S. asketball star CHUCK TAYLOR (Chuck Taylor) on this new line of canvas shoes, put it down, convinced thatALL STAR shoes make basketball players on the court dash and enjoy the play, so he wherever he always has a pair of ALL STAR canvas shoes, enthusiastically to her friends, basketball players and coaches recommend ALL STAR canvas shoesand basketball on the requirements of the sports shoes and personal experience, personally involved in the ALL STAR canvas shoes, improved design, making it more suitable for basketball.The ALL STAR theoretically canvas as a material, wear. ALL STAR then only one color – – white. 1966, ALL STAR introduced color series, such as leather, rubber, etc. As technology continues to progr ess, more gradually been used as a shoe-making raw materials. 1970s, affected by the wave of fashion began to move closer to the natural, original feeling. ALL STAR at the time seems exceptionally retro, very easy to wear with wear to go freely to make life simplify. 996, ALL STAR launched ALL STAR 2000, the original leather uppers of canvas instead. 2. the publicity of all star ENERGY As the popularity of popular around Asia and sunshine handsome image became CONVERSE's first China brand spokesperson, and take Taiwan as the center of radiation throughout Asia brand operation Stefanie Who speak over converse in time for the 2002 World Cup Soda Green Lead singer Qingfeng said, to rock ‘n' roll. – London recording a new album, of course, to bring back the spirit of the original dense rock â€Å", and his is CONVERSE always demands creative first, subversion of rational, agree without prior without previous consultation. Endorsement and participate in design. 3. the reaso n of choosing all star light wear resistance bending waterproof acid alkali resistance low price 4. the type of all star a)material quality canvas oxhide PU leather b)shoe model low help high help art graffiti c)shoe style Lace-up shoe Loafers 5. how to distinguish the quality goods a)the genuine heavy feeling in his hand )Soles grinding with nail clippers, genuine will be a little scratch marks, rub with fingers, no scratch marks c)genuine shoelaces cotton content is very high, you can authentic shoes untied shoelace, natural straightened can also stretched, pulled the longest time, we have a relaxed, the laces will automatically shrink d)heel behind the logo concavity, and is affixed to the upper of this shoe machine precision workmanship problem e)Soles middle â€Å"CONVERSE ALL STAR† raised LOGO mark, logo next to the security of the Star of David *, the stars beside a registered trademark of R.Bottom for shoe sizes 6. how to take care all star a)After cleaning the shade of natural dry ventilated place, do not put the local baking sun prolonged sun exposure or high temperature, to prevent the back glue or degumming, accelerated aging b)Non professional labor shoes don't and acid, alkali, salt chemical exposure, so as to avoid corrosion degumming deformation c)The sweaty feet heavy friends, put on the shoes before the first shoes in spray a little vinegar, can reduce the odor, the other canvas shoes should be cleaned regularly, in order to prevent mildewy smell

History and Culture of Jamaica Essays

History and Culture of Jamaica Essays History and Culture of Jamaica Essay History and Culture of Jamaica Essay disease and war the aboriginal people were exterminated in about two hundred years . The Spanish conquistadors had no interest in converting the natives to Christianity ,like they did with the Aztecs or the Mayans in south America, so they literally worked the Tainos to death. Bit by bit they were replaced by African slaves from which the modern black population descends from. The Spanish rule lasted until 1655 ,when the English seized the island after many years of pirate attacks, even though they where recognized as rulers of the island only in 1670 through the Treaty of Madrid. Slavery was abolished by the English only in 1834 after hundreds of thousands slaves died on the sugar cane plantations. Jamaiaca remained an English posesion until 1962 when independence but remained part of the English Commonwealth. I find Jamaica interesting not only for it’s history but especially for it’s culture. Jamaican culture, at least its music, has , over the years sprung different music genres ,music trends and artists. Jamaica is the birthplace of genres like ska , dub and reggae and in recent years dancehall or jungle. Not even the English language remained unchanged in Jamaica , most of the population speak Patwah or Patois, which is a mixture between American English, British English ,French and African dialects. Adapting the English language gave birth to a new dialect that has transformed a sentence like: †The children are making to much noise† into â€Å"Di pickney, dem a mek too much nize† or â€Å"Those boys are hungry, you should give them something to eat† into â€Å"Den de bwoy dem belly a yawn,yu a fi gi dem sintin fi heat†. Jamaicans have their own take on Christianity, the island being the birthplace of a philosophical and religious movement called Rastafarianism, a religious cult that accepts the former emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I as God incarnate, to whom they refer as Jah. One f the most visited islands in the Caribbean Jamaica isn’t just sun, sand and palm tries ,it’s people, it’s culture and it’s history have something special to offer to anyone who’s interested in human cultures, human habits and beliefs. Jamaica’s motto: †Out of many, one people† speeks greatily about the cultura l and racial diversity of the island, who over the years come to incorporate all the different customs of it’s inhabitants in to the national culture heritage. These next pages will show that, from a cultural point of view, Jamaica is one of the richest countries in the world. Early history Jamaica’s ancient history is one of tribal colonization from south America from where different tribes arrived on canoes between 5000 BC and 900. The first people to colonize Jamaica were the Guanahatabey, a tribe of Amerindians who arrived on the island somewhere between 5000 B. C. and 4000 B. C and came from the Yucatan Peninsula. They were cave dwelling people,who used basic tools for fishing and gathering. They were peaceful people who lived in very small groups, without interacting with the outside world. Not very much is known about them and their culture, due to their primitive social and intellectual status. The next wave of Amerindian tribes who came on the island, were the Saladoid or Igneris that arrived in 300 A. D. They came from the Orinoco region in Venezuela and were the first Arawakans to arrive in Jamaica. They, unlike the Guanahatabey had a form of social organization and had a skill in fine ceramics. DUJO But the most influential of the south American tribes who inhabited at one moment the island were the Tainos. Tainos were also Arawakans who came in two different waves on the island, first in 650 A. D. and then in 900 A. D. The Tainos didn’t colonize only Jamaica, they controlled all the islands in the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas. They named the island Xaymaca, meaning the land of springs and water, from which the modern names derives. In a few years they absorbed the Saladoids and their culture, making them slaves and denying them of Tainos luxuries such as hammocks and cassava (manioc). Tainos lived in villages called â€Å"yucayeque† in the center of which existed a plaza were ceremonies and other social events took place. Most of the population lived in large circular buildins called â€Å"bohio†, made from wooden poles and palm leaves. They were constructed near the town plaza and could house 10 to 15 families. The town chief or â€Å"cacique† and his family would live in rectangular buildings called â€Å"caney†. In every Taino home there were cotton hammocks, mats made from palms, wooden chairs (dujo) and cradles for children. BATEY COURT Tainos played â€Å"batey†, a ceremonial game very similar to modern volleyball, in which two teams of ten to thirty men or women had to score points for their village, as the game was played for the resolve of problems between different communities. The game was played in the village plaza or on specially designed ball courts. Taino society was composed of two social groups: â€Å"naborias†, who were the Saladoid slaves and â€Å"nitainos†, the Taino nobility. They were governed by the â€Å"caciques†, who were either males or females, and had supreme power. They were advised by priests/healers called â€Å"bohiques†, who could talk to the Taino gods. Taino were mainly farmers, growing cassava, â€Å"batata† (sweet potato) and tobacco, but they would also eat fish, lizards, turtles or birds. They were master carvers and didn’t wear clothes except for a small apron worn by married women. From a religious point of view, life was very complex, as Taino believed in â€Å"zemis† or â€Å"cemis†(gods and spirits). The two supreme gods in Taino culture were: Yucahu(spirit of the cassava) the god of cassava and sea and Atabey(Yucahu’s mother), who was the goddess of fresh water and fertility. Other gods include: Boinayel and his twin brother Marohu who are the gods of rain and weather respectively, Guabancex the goddess of storms and Deminan Caracaracol a male hero from whom the Tainos believed to have descended from. Before special ceremonies Tainos used to induce vomiting by swallowing a stick or by fasting and sniff a hallucinogenic powder called â€Å"cohoba† prepared from beans. TAINO DOLL Also they used to pierce their ears and noses as sacrifice for the gods. Technologically wise Tainos would make fish nets and ropes from hemp and cotton, canoes (that could carry up to 150 people) from palm trees and as a weapon they would use the â€Å"macana† a wooden club one inch thick. The â€Å"macana† came in use when a warrior tribe from south America , the Caribs, tried to seize the island on several occasions . Ironically, the thing that stop them was the arrival of the Spanish on the island. Columbus found out about Jamaica from the Tainos in Cuba, but he failed to land on the island on his first attempt as 40 war canoes repelled him and his vessels. Non the less the conquistadors eventually landed on the island at Cow’s Bay, as they named it , where they were greeted , to their surprise, by a cacique and his followers. It is said that after seeing the cacique and the warriors with him who were dressed in bright feathered cloaks and head dressed with ornaments, made of semiprecious stones, around their necks and foreheads, and faces painted with different colours, Columbus said that the cacique he encountered in Jamaica was â€Å"the most intelligent and civilized leader in the New World†. This initial respect for each others culture did not last, as the Spanish, as they did elsewhere, killed al the caciques and turned the rest of the native population in to slaves. Not only slavery caused the wipe-out of the Taino population in Jamaica, but also European diseases like smallpox or the plague, who hit the island in 1520. It is even said that Tainos were killed for training by the Spanish soldiers on the island. All these things combined, plus a massive wave of suicides wiped clean the island of it’s natives. So at the moment of the British takeover there was virtually no Tainos left on the island, although in 1598 the Governor of Jamaica Fernando Melgarejo made an attempt to save the few Tainos left, by putting them in a reservation but the colonists refused as they would have no more slaves to work the land. Much of the records that survived about this interesting civilization is written by Spanish explorers as the Tainos had no written language. Tainos and their legacy are present even in the English language, in which we can find words of Taino descent: barbacoa (barbecue), hammaca(hammock), canoa(canoe), tabaco(tobacco), yuca(yucca), and huracan(hurricane). British takeover It was not until 1655, however, that the Spanish were driven from the island by Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables. The Spanish were forced to flee the island but not before freeing the slaves who took to the hills where they remained a constant thorn in the side of the English. In an effort to settle the island Oliver Cromwell issued his famous proclamation, which granted land to British citizens who were willing to settle on the island. In 1656 approximately 1,600 immigrants arrived and settled around Port Morant. Although the Spaniards were driven out they never gave up hope of recapturing the island of Jamaica and in 1658 another Spanish force landed but was defeated at the decisive battle at Rio Nuevo. The island began to prosper under the rule of the British. Great wealth was brought to the island by the buccaneers, who operated mainly from Port Royal, by plundering Spanish ships which transported gold and silver from South America. By the late Seventeenth Century, Port Royal had earned the reputation of being the richest and the wickedest city in the world. In 1692 this town suffered destruction by an earthquake in which more than half of the town sank beneath the sea. This signaled the end of piracy in the West Indies. The second half of the Seventeenth Century saw the beginning of the sugar revolution. Large parcels of land were planted in sugar cane. The whole process of making sugar required a huge labour force. The English planters sought various groups to provide the much needed labour. African slavery was not new to the West Indies and had been introduced by the Spanish and the Portuguese. Later, the Dutch supplied slaves from Africa, and they taught the English the techniques necessary for the production of sugar. The Africans brought in were from many tribes, although the majority were Coromantees from the Gold Coast, Eboes from the Bight of Benin and Mandingoes. The Coromantees are described as being a strong, brave, proud and fierce race. Most of the slave revolts in Jamaica were led by Coromantee slaves. The slaves were divided into two main groups, the field slaves and the domestic/house slaves. In the case of the former they were further divided into skilled workers such as carpenters, coopers, drivers, masons, blacksmiths, and unskilled workers, that is, those who worked in the field. Punishment was a regular part of estate life and ranged from lashings, to maiming and ultimately death. There was resistance to slavery by slaves, both passive and active. Examples of passive resistance included poisoning of masters, destruction of property, and infanticide. In the case of active resistance, there were open rebellions, and many slaves ran away and joined forces with the slaves who were set free by the Spanish or who had fled to the interior hills of the island. They were later called Maroons. In 1735 1739 they fought against the British in what was called the First Maroon War. Although Jamaicas sugar industry continued to grow and provide England with great wealth it was not without its problems. For instance, wars throughout the Eighteenth Century, caused a reduction in trade between the colonies and Great Britain. The lack of supplies affected the health of the slaves, and ultimately lowered the production of sugar. The abolition of the slave trade in 1807, marked the beginning of the end of slavery and the economic power of the Jamaican planters. By 1813, the wealth of the West Indian planters could no longer muffle the cries of the abolitionists and humanitarians to free the slaves. Consequently, in 1833 slavery was abolished in the British West Indies and a system of apprenticeship was adopted. The objective of the apprenticeship system was to help the slaves adjust to their free status and to supply the planters with a source of constant labour until they could adjust to full wage labour. HOUSE OF CORRECTION The abuses of the system brought about a premature end to slavery and in 1838 full freedom was given. Although taken from their country of origin the slaves retained some aspects of their culture. In the case of their language some African words, such as nyam, duckunnoo, patoo, and language patterns which include the repetition of a word, as in the case of chaka chaka meaning chaotic, and little little meaning very small, were retained. The abolition of slavery saw a rise in the construction of Free Villages, and growth in peasant farming. There was also an increase in the membership of Nonconformist Churches and a system of education for the free blacks was introduced. In addition, the planters fear of mass migration of ex-slaves from the plantation saw the introduction of other racial groups to replace slave labour. Groups brought in included Europeans (Germans, Scots and Portuguese), Free Africans, Chinese and East Indians. Although many things had changed, social conditions remained more or less the same for blacks. By the 1860s the situation had worsened and gave rise to what was later called, the Morant Bay Rebellion. The Morant Bay Rebellion brought about some changes in Jamaica, firstly, the system of Government changed from Representative to Crown Colony (or direct Crown rule), secondly, the Anglican Church was disestablished, thirdly, the Institute of Jamaica was founded to encourage literature, science and art. By 1872 the capital was transferred from Spanish Town to Kingston. There was an improvement in the water supply and a number of schools were established. There was a shift from sugar to banana production. The Great War (1914 1918) gave many Jamaicans the opportunity to travel which in turn helped to shape their views of the system of Government. In addition, during the early Twentieth Century, many Jamaicans left in search of employment in the Panama Canal Zone, and in Costa Rica, Cuba and Honduras to work on the plantations. The movement of people brought about a change in ideas by the 1920s. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who promoted unity among blacks and pride in their race, became a prominent figure during this period. Port Royal-pirate capital Jamaica, and especially its former capital Port Royal were the launch base for almost all pirate and buccaneer efforts in the Caribbean. From the â€Å"wickedest city on earth† to a thriving commercial centre of the New World, Port Royal, Jamaica, has been the subject of much popular interest. While the image of a decadent and lavish city bears some truth, it obscures a more complex history of English colonization and the African slave trade, of skilled craftsmen as well as crafty men, , of urban devastation and preservation- all of which is part of the story of a town whose sleepy present hides its past of excitement and intrigue. Soon after their arrival in Jamaica in 1655, the English began a defence of Port Royal against recapture by the Spanish. To protect the harbour, they hastily erected Fort Cromwell, which was renamed Fort Charles following the crowning of Charles II in 1660. By the time of the earthquake in 1692, an impressive array of forts and stone lines encircled Port Royal, making it one of the most heavily defended cities in the Caribbean. In the years immediately following the English conquest, Jamaica remained vulnerable to Spanish attacks. Thus, Governor Edward D’Oyley enticed buccaneers, who were already preying on ships in the region, to occupy Port Royal and provide the city with maritime protection. Since the English government officially commissioned these pirates, they were known as ‘privateers’. The most infamous of them, Henry Morgan, was commissioned in 1668 and carried out several spectacular raids against Spanish fleets and ports. Though the Treaty of Madrid between England and Spain in 1670 abolished privateering, the practice continued. After being appointed the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica in 1674, Sir Henry Morgan apparently both suppressed and encouraged privateers. During the 1660s and 1670s, the privateers brought tremendous wealth into Port Royal in the form of Spanish silver, gold and precious stones. This wealth, in turn, allowed the residents of the city to carry out a flourishing trade in European staples and luxury goods- such as wines, sweet meats, refined clothing and jewellery, and to import porcelain from China and ivory from Africa. By 1692 Port Royal had an estimated population of 6,500, of whom perhaps 2,500 were enslaved Africans. Many of the white residents of the city were indentured servants. Though a portion of the population lived in great luxury, most survived under much more humble circumstances. In 1680 there were approximately 1,000 houses in Port Royal, built in a manner that resembled an English town. Large houses were often multi-story brick structures with four-room floor plans. Ground floor rooms that fronted the street were sometimes used for shops or offices. In their private chambers, ladies fussed and tidyed up themselves, received guests and wrote letters. A man’s bedchamber, on the other hand, doubled as his office or study(a place to secure money, weapons and books). The splendour of the finest homes was comparable to that of London. Official events were grand displays of the King’s authority with parades and the changing of fort guards to fife and drum bands. While there were lavish balls and banquets, much of Port Royal’s social life revolved around the numerous taverns and included the usual drinking, brawls, smoking, eating and even sleeping. Other activities, considered inappropriate contributed to the city’s reputation for decadence and wickedness. Though freewheeling, Port Royal was certainly not all wicked. According to observer John Taylor: â€Å"they allow of a free toleration of all religions†. Indeed, there were Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Quakers and Jews, along with the Anglican congregations of Christchurch and Saint Paul’s. It was about 11:42 am on Wednesday, June 7, 1692. The residents of Port Royal were retiring home, or to a tavern, for a drink and their meals when a roar came from the hills across the harbour. Shockwaves had the land suddenly â€Å"rowling and moving† and, within minutes, three tremors tore through the ground. The sea swept in from all sides. The earthquake had struck. An anonymous eyewitness stated: â€Å"The sand in the street rose like the waves of the sea, lifting up all persons that stood upon it, and immediately dropping down into pits; and at the same instant a flood of water rushed in, throwing down all who were in its way; some were seen catching hold of beams and rafters of houses, others were found in the sand that appeared when the water was drained away, with their legs and arms out†. By the end, only 25 of Port Royal’s original 60 acres remained and 2. 00 people were killed instantly. One Port Royal resident, a Frenchman named Lewis Galdy, was swallowed up by the earth and subsequently spewed out alive. Most, however, did not have his good fortune. To many, the calamity was a sign of God’s wrath, His retribution upon this â€Å"Sodom of the Indies† with its hosts of reckless pirates, prostituates and moneylenders. Following the earthquake, survivors established Kingston across the harbour but did not abandon Port Royal. The community rebuilt itself, though it continued to be devastated by fires, hurricanes and earthquakes. In 1951 Hurricane Charlie wiped out Port Royal, leaving only a few of its wooden buildings standing. The old Naval Hospital, which remained intact, provided a safe home for almost the entire population. Once again, the citizens of Port Royal rebuilt their town. Surviving buildings of the naval station served as a police academy and small military base and, at present, provide a headquarters for the Jamaica Coast Guard. Today, Port Royal’s ruins from the 1692 earthquake appear as ghostly silhouettes at the bottom of the shallow waters surrounding the existing town. Since the 1950s, countless artefacts have been recovered through underwater archaeological excavations, though less than 10% of the catastrophic site has been surveyed to date. Whether crushed, mangled or shattered, these artefacts are evidence of the history of a town that has seen many defeats as well as numerous attempts at rebirth. In 1999 the Jamaica National Heritage Trust designated Port Royal a National Heritage Site. The underwater city is undeniably one the world’s archaeological wonders. Jamaican culture 1. Religion The Rastafari movevement or Rastafarianism is a â€Å"messianic religio-political movement† that began in the Jamaican slums in the 1920’s and 1930’s . The most famous Rastafari is Bob Marley, whose reggae music gained the Jamaican movement international recognition. There is significant variation within the Rastafari movement and no formal organization. Some Rastafarians see Rasta more as a way of life than a religion. But uniting the diverse movement is belief in the divinity and/or messiahship of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I, the influence of Jamaican culture, resistance of oppression, and pride in African heritage. The Rastafarian lifestyle usually includes ritual use of marijuana, avoidance of alcohol, the wearing of hair in dreadlocks, and vegetarianism. Followers of the Rastafari movement are known as Rastafarians, Rastafaris, Rastas, or Ras Tafarians. The movement is named or Ras Tafari Makonnen, who was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia in 1930. Rastafari developed in the slums of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1920s and 30s. In an environment of great poverty, depression, racism and class discrimination, the Rasta message of black pride, freedom from oppression, and the hope of return to the African homeland was gratefully r eceived. The Rastafarian movement began with the teachings of Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), a black Jamaican who led a â€Å"Back to Africa† movement. He taught that Africans are the true Israelites and have been exiled to Jamaica and other parts of the world as divine punishment. Garvey is regarded as a second John the Baptist and famously prophesied in 1927, â€Å"Look to Africa, for there a king shall be crowned. †On November 2, 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia (he ruled until 1974). At his coronation he took the name Haile Selassie, meaning â€Å"Might of the Trinity. † Followers of Garveys teachings believed that Selassie is the messiah that had been predicted, and that his coronation indicated the divine punishment was completed and the return to Africa would begin. Rastafarians named their movement for Ras Tafari and regarded the emperor as the physical presence of God (Jah) on earth. Haile Selassie was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian who denied his divine status as proclaimed in Jamaica. In a radio interview with Canadas CBC news in 1967, he said, â€Å"I have heard of that idea â€Å"that I am divine†. I also met certain Rastafarians. I told them clearly that I am a man, that I am mortal, and that I will be replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from a deity. This denial didn’t stop Rastafarians from believing the emperor to be divine. The sacred text of Rastafarians is the Holy Piby, the â€Å"Black Mans Bible. † It was written by Robert Athlyi Rogers of Anguilla from 1913 to 1917 and published in 1924. The Holy Piby is a version of the Christian Bible that has been altered to remove all the deliberate distortions that are b elieved to have been made by white leaders during its translation into English. Rastafarians do not believe in an afterlife but instead look to Africa (called â€Å"Zion†) as a heaven on earth. True Rastas are believed to be immortal, both physically and spiritually, a concept called â€Å"everliving†. Another central concept is Babylon, which refers to the white power structure of Europe and the Americas. Rastas seek to resist Babylon, which once cruelly enslaved blacks and still continue to hold them down through poverty, illiteracy, inequality, and trickery. The greed and wickedness of Babylon is contrasted with the simplicity and naturalness of the Rastas. Rastafarians are perhaps best known for their religious use of marijuana, which grows plentifully in Jamaica. Rastas know it as ganja, the holy herb, Iley or callie, and believed was given by God. Scriptural support is found especially in Psalm 104:14: â€Å"He causeth the grass for the cattle and herb for the service of man. † Other texts interpreted to refer to cannabis include Genesis 3:18, Exodus 10:12, and Proverbs 15:17. In addition to ritual use, Rastas also use marijuana for medicinal purposes , applying it to a variety of diseases including colds. Marijuana is used mainly during the two main Rastafari rituals: reasonings and nyabinghi. The reasoning is an informal gathering at which a small group of Rastas smoke ganja and engage in discussion. The ritual begins when one person lights the pipe, or chalice, and recites a short prayer while all other participants bow their heads. The pipe is then passed around the circle until all of the people have smoked. The reasoning ends when the participants depart one by one. The nyabinghi, or binghi for short, is a dance held on Rasta holidays and special occasions. These dances can last for several days and bring together hundreds of Rastafarians from all over Jamaica. They camp in tents on land owned by the host Rastas. Formal dancing takes place at night in a hut especially set up for the occasion. The Rastas sing and dance until the early hours of the morning. In the daytime, they â€Å"rest and reason†. There are several Rasta holidays, most of which center around events in the life of Emperor Haile Selassie. The most important celebrations are: November 2 the coronation of Selassie January 6 ceremonial birthday of Selassie April 21 Selassies visit to Jamaica July 23 Selassies personal birthday August 1 emancipation from slavery August 17 Marcus Garveys birthday One of the most visible practices of Rastafarians is the wearing of hair in dreadlocks. Dreadlocks have several purposes and layers of meaning for Rastafarians, including: the biblical command not to cut ones hair (Leviticus 21:5) the appearance of the lions mane, representing strength, Africa, Ethiopia, and the Lion of Judah naturalness and simplicity, which are associated with Africa The other main Rasta symbol besides dreadlocks, are the colors of red, gold and green. Red stands for the triumphant church of the Rastas as well as the blood of the martyrs in the black struggle for liberation. Gold represents the wealth of their African homeland and green symbolizes Ethiopias beauty and lush vegetation. Black is often also included, representing the color of the Africans. Another important symbol is the Lion of Judah, which represents Haile Selassie as the King of Kings, Africa, and strength. The most dedicated Rastas follow a dietary law called Ital. Ital food is food which is completely natural (not canned and free of chemicals and preservatives) and eaten as raw as possible. Old Testament prohibitions against pork and shellfish are part of Ital; most Rastafarians are vegetarians or vegans. Coffee and milk are also rejected as unnatural. Rastafarians reject the use of alcohol, since it is a fermented chemical that does not belong in the temple of the body and it makes a person stupid, thereby playing into the hands of white leaders. This is contrasted with the holy herb of marijuana, which is natural and believed by Rastas to open their mind and assist in reasoning. There are between 3,000 and 5,000 Rastafarians in the United States. However, these figures may be slightly distorted as a result of the large number of people who have adopted the external appearance of Rastafarians. Worldwide, the total following is approximately 1,000,000 people. 2. Arts and Literature Jamaica is well-known for its music, which is central to Jamaican life and has had a world-wide impact. Church services feature gospel choirs, and singers of the genre have risen to fame. Ska music developed in the early 1960s. Rock Steady, a slower, more soulful rhythm with a heavy bass beat, was next on the music scene, but it was quickly eclipsed by reggae. Originating in the Kingston ghetto in the early 1970s, reggae rose to dominate the international music scene under the leadership of Bob Marley, its undisputed king. Reggae style blends Afro-American rhythms with modern instruments and often caustic political and social commentary. Jamaican music is still producing new innovations and is a major influence in dance clubs around the world. Jamaican literature includes poetry, folklore, novels, short stories and essays. Much of the islands literary movement appeared after independence in 1962. The most famous Jamaican writer, poet Claude McKay, is credited with having inspired the Negritude (â€Å"Blackness†) movement in France and was a part of the Harlem Renaissance in the United States, where he emigrated at the age of 22. Before moving to America, he had established himself as a poet in Jamaica. McKay is known for his style, which, though classical, expressed uniquely Jamaican ideas in his earliest works. His later works helped to inspire some of the most important writers of the Harlem Renaissance and is placed alongside Langston Hughes as a founder of the movement. His works are well respected throughout the Western World. An annual literary festival includes competitions in writing poetry, short stories and essays. Numerous Jamaican writers, including Velma Pollard, author of â€Å"Karl and other Stories† (1993) and the poet Kwame Dawes, author of â€Å" Progeny of Air† (1994) have won international awards. Jamaicas own literature has grown out of this storytelling tradition, capturing a unique blend of spoken and written forms. In fact, the islands natural speech is one of the most important elements in many of its writers’ novels and stories. Others use language to capture the musical rhythm of the island, with its unusual beats. This can play an important role in defining the islands literary character. The 1970s saw the arrival of dub poetry, a new genre in which poems are often set to heavy reggae bass and drums. Jamaican visual art has a long and powerful tradition. The most common themes are slavery, nationalism, spirituality and the family. Jamaica has internationally known sculptors and painters, as well as a tradition of wood carvers who sell their folk art along Jamaicas highways. Edna Manley is a well-known sculptor. Barrington Watson is also an artist who received wide acclaim. Jamaican theatrical artists put on performances throughout the country. The best known of these stage productions are the Little Theatre Movements pantomimes, which are often based on the character of Anancy. The National Dance Theatre Company, a company of creative dancers, musicians and singers, has won wide acclaim in Jamaica and internationally for decades. The female troupe Sistern has won international acclaim performing plays and skits on womens issues. 3. Music THE BIRTH OF SKA Like mento before it, ska was born out of a combining musical elements. Both mento and jazz were combined to produce a new style that was initially called Shuffle Popular shuffle hits were recorded by Neville Esson, Owen Grey and the Overtakers. The newly set up recording studios were always on the look out for the next new sound. With the popularity of American RB artists like Fats Domino and Louis Jordan many Jamaican performers incorporated the 12 bar blues chord progressions and boogie bass lines with mento guitar rhythms. Increasing emphasis was placed on the offbeat rhythms of mento. The offbeats became shorter and more detached. These distinct syncopated rhythms were sounded on guitar and piano. The new style of music became known as ska. The first person to record this ska rhythm was Ernest Ranglin when performing with Cluet Johnson (Clue J. ) and the Blues Busters. Clue J was well known for greeting his friends with a call of Love Skavoovie. Many believe the name of ska is a shortened form of this greeting. Ska quickly became the most dominant form of music in Jamaica. Its success coincided with the independence and the departure of the English in 1962. There was a new attitude towards indigenous music. Ska was already enormously popular in Jamaica and music producers attempted to export it to the rest of the world, a move that was supported by the government. It was the national music of Jamaica and was demonstrated to the the world at the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York. The Jamaican big names included Byron Lee and the Dragonaires, Jimmy Cliff , Prince Buster and dancers Ronnie Nasralla and Jannette Phillips who taught the world the moves for the Backy Skank, the Rootsman Skank and the Ska. Early ska dance movements and some lyrics were influenced by the religious revival era. Songs such as Wings of a Dove performed by both The Blues Busters and The Wailers, Oil in My Lamp by Eric Morris and King of Kings by Jimmy Cliff are revival tunes with lyrics that are sped up. Israelites by Desmond Dekker also features revival characteristics in the lyrics. Other ska lyrics were pop orientated and feature very little Jamaican patois. These songs were either nonsense lyrics such as Eric Morris†Humpty Dumpty† and â€Å"Solomon Gundi† or romantic such as Delroy Wilsons â€Å"Dancing Mood†, which was one of the first songs to bridge the gap between ska and its slower successor Rocksteady (more later). In contrast are the political ska lyrics that reflected the social concerns of rude boys. RUDE BOYS These were the primary listeners to ska in Jamaica. They were rebellious out of work and reacted against poverty and injustice. They emulated Hollywood gangster fashions by wearing black suits, thin ties and pork pie hats, the type of look that is still seen today in Taritino’s movies â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† and â€Å"Pulp Fiction†. Rude Boys often lived outside of the law and were also sometimes called â€Å"Scofflaws† (people who hate the law). Ska lyrics at the time reflected the life and times of Rude Boys. Some examples include The Soul Brothers â€Å"Lawless Street†, The Heptones â€Å"Gunmen Comin to Town†, Desmond Dekkers â€Å"007 Shanty Town†, Dandy Livingstones â€Å"A Message to You Rudi† and Prince Busters â€Å"Judge Dread† who handed out 400 year sentences to Rude Boys. Clement Dodd backed a young group who envisioned themselves as rudies The Wailers -Bob Marley, Bunny Livingstone (Wailer) and Peter Macintosh (later shortened to Tosh). The way rude boys danced to the music also influenced the ska sound. They rhythmically pumped their arms back and forward and adopted a more menacing posture than the traditional style demonstrated by Ronnie and Jannette. As a result the music became more menacing. Bass lines became more syncopated rejecting the easy going walking boogie style. ROCKSTEADY TO REGGAE By 1966 in Jamaica many audiences had grown tired of the insistent ska beat and tempo. Around 1966 the beat of ska was slowed and rocksteady was born. Some say that it was a particularly hot Jamaican summer that led to this more relaxed style but the real reason for this change can be traced once again to the continuing influence of American RB. By the mid 60s R was developing into the smoother soul styles of Motown, Memphis and Philadelphia soul. Jamaican musicians responded to this with their own slower smoother styles. The most notable hit of the rocksteady era was â€Å"The Tide is High† by The Paragons. In the 80s this was covered by Blondie and was one of their biggest hits. The influence of another religious revival, Rastafarianism led to further musical developments of ska and rocksteady and reggae was born. The BIRTH OF BRITISH SKA Ska went to England with the immigrants of the early 1960s and was initially known as Bluebeat. The first international ska hit was â€Å"My Boy Lollipop† by Millie Small. It was recorded in England in 1964 for Island Records and featured a young English Rod Stewart, just beginning his own music career on Harmonica. Ska gained popularity amongst the Mod scene and several hits followed including â€Å"Guns of Navarone† by the Skatalites, â€Å"Carry Go Bring Come† by Justin and The Dominoes, and â€Å"Rudy, A Message to You† by Dandy Livingstone. In 1969,†The Israelites† by Desmond Dekker became the first Jamaican produced recording to become a number one hit in Britain. Other big ska chart hits in 1969 included â€Å"Monkey Man† by Toots and the Maytals, â€Å"Long Shot Kick De Bucket† by The Pioneers and â€Å"Liquidator† by The Harry J Allstars. It is interesting to know that these hits had all been recorded several years earlier in Jamaica and gradually climbed the tops into the UK charts over a long period of time. TWO TONE In 1979 ska enjoyed a revival of popularity. Initially the ska revival was an English phenomenon, but gradually spread to the rest of the world, including Australia. The most notable bands associated with the second wave of ska popularity were The Specials, Madness, The Beat, and The Selecter. All these bands recorded their first albums for â€Å"Two Tone Records†, a label established by The Specials keyboard player Jerry Dammers. The label was named after the two tone tonic suits worn by the original ska stars of the 1960s and also reflected the multi racial membership of the bands signed to the label. The trade mark of the company was based on a negative photo of Peter Tosh from an early Wailing Wailers album cover. This â€Å"Rude Boy† logo became known as Walt Jabsco. The Two Tone artists relied heavily on the first wave ska stars attitudes and philosophy. The Specials took their name from the special one off recordings made for the early sound system operators in Jamaica and â€Å"Madness† are named after a Prince Buster song. REGGAE The word reggae appeared around 1960 in Jamaica to identify a â€Å"ragged† style of dance music, that still had its roots in New Orleans rhythm n blues. However, reggae soon acquired the lament-like style of chanting and emphasized the syncopated beat. It also made explicit the relationship with the underworld of the â€Å"Rastafarians†. Compared with rock music, reggae music basically inverted the role of bass and guitar: the former was the lead, the latter beat the typical hiccupping pattern. The paradox of reggae, of course, is that this music â€Å"unique to Jamaica is actually not Jamaican at all, having its foundations in the USA and Africa. An independent label, Island, distributed Jamaican records in the UK throughout the 1960’s, but reggae became popular in the UK only when Prince Busters â€Å"Al Capone† (1967) started a brief dance craze. Jamaican music was very much a ghetto phenomenon, associated with gang-style violence, but Jimmy Cliffs â€Å"Wonderful World Beautiful People†(1969) united reggae with the peace and love philosophy of the hippies, an association that would not die away. In the USA, Neil Diamonds â€Å"Red Red Wine† (1967) was the first reggae hit by a pop musician. Shortly afterwards, Johnny Nashs â€Å"Hold me tight† (1968) propelled reggae onto the charts. â€Å"Do the Reggay† (1968) by Toots (Hibbert) and The Maytals was the record that gave the music its name. Fredrick Toots Hibberts vocal style was actually closer to gospel, as proved by their other hits . A little noticed event would have far-reaching consequences: in 1967, the Jamaican disc-jockey Rudolph Ruddy Redwood had begun recording instrumental versions of reggae hits. The success of his dance club was entirely due to that idea. Duke Reid, who was now the owner of the Trojan label, was the first one to capitalize on the idea: he began releasing singles with two sides: the original song and, on the back, the instrumental remix. This phenomenon elevated the status of dozens of recording engineers. Reggae music was mainly popularized by Bob Marley first as the co-leader of the Wailers, the band that promoted the image of the urban guerrilla with â€Å"Rude Boy† (1966) and that cut the first album of reggae music, â€Å"Best of the Wailers†(1970); and later as the political and religious (rasta) guru of the movement, a status that would transform him into a star, particularly after his conversion to pop-soul melody with ballads such as †Stir it up† (1972),†I Shot the Sheriff†(1973) and â€Å" No woman No cry†(1974). DUB More and more studio engineers were re-mixing B-sides of reggae 45 RPM singles, dropping out the vocals and emphasizing the instrumental texture of the song. The purpose was to allow disc-jockeys to â€Å"toast† over the record. Engineers became more and more skilled at refining the instrumental textures, especially when they began to employ sophisticated studio devices. Eventually, â€Å"dub† became an art on its own. The first dub singles appeared in 1971, but the man generally credited with â€Å"inventing† the genre is Osbourne Ruddock, better known asking Tubby, a recording engineer who in 1970 had accidentally discovered the appeal of stripping a song of its vocal track, and who engineered the first dub record, Carl Pattersons â€Å"Psalm of Dub† (1971). When he got together with producer Lee Scratch Perry, â€Å"Blackboard Jungle† (1973) was born: the first stereo â€Å"dub† album. It was a revolution: the engineer and the producer had become more important than the composer. DUB STUDIO It also marked the terminal point of the â€Å"slowing down† of Jamaican music, a process that had led from ska to reggae to rock steady. Compared with the original, dub was like a slow-motion version. A collaboration with melodica player Augustus Pablo led to another important work,† King Tubby Meets Rockers Uptown† (1976). Lee â€Å"Scratch† Perry (Rainford Hugh Perry) was born in 1936 in Kendal, a small town in the rural parish of Hanover, in the northwest of Jamaica. Perry arrived in Kingston in the late 1950’s, and immediately tried to enter the music business. He started working for Coxsone Dodd as a â€Å"bouncer, spy, talent scout, uncredited songwriter and eventually performer†. Perry left Coxsones after a disagreement over payment, moving to a new label (Amalgamated) set up by Joel Gibson, where he recorded an early reggae hit called â€Å"People Funny Boy† (which was a verbal attack aimed at his previous employer Coxsone). Perry became well known as a producer and was instrumental in Bob Marley’s and the Wailers early success. He linked up with Marley and the Wailers in 1969, beginning a collaboration that resulted in â€Å"definitive versions of some of the Wailers strongest work†. Perry, through his work as an artist, producer and engineer, has been one of the main people responsible in shaping the sound of Jamaican music over time. â€Å"Scratch† Perry, who had produced for the Wailers, pretty much set the reference standard for generations to come with â€Å"Double Seven† (1974), the first reggae album that overdubbed synthesizers, â€Å"Revolution Dub† (1975) and †Super Ape† (1976), one of the genres masterpieces he last forty years. Dub will come to later influence almost every genre of music, being used by producers to create sequential tracks in: hip-hop, pop, breakbeat, drum bass and other electronic linked genres. Conclusion One of the smallest countries in the world Jamaica I think is a melting pot of cultures people and traditions. Behind its beautiful exterior Jamaica has a dark and violent past, yet throughout the years it came to overcome the past. Present day Jamaica is a symbol for the fight for liberty and peace. Bibliography: www. wikipedia. org/jamaica/history/taino www. jamaica-guide. com/info jamaicans. com/articles/primearticles/taino. shtm iexplore. com/dmap/Jamaica/History www. religionfacts. com/a-z â€Å"Religia in istoria popoarelor lumii†-S. A. Tokarev www. cp-pc. ca/english/jamaica/arts. html www. history of ska. com scaruffi. com/history/reggae. html www. history of port royal. com www. rastafaris. com www. jamaicaisland. com/history/english period www. history of slavery. com /Caribbean/Jamaica Encyclopaedia Britannica/jamaica Encarta/history of jamaica