Etruscan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Etruscan - Essay Example This paper likewise noticed the significant commitments of the Etruscans to the improvement of the Roman culture. The Etruscans have complex internment services. This may imply that they had solid convictions that a piece of the spirit stayed with the body or the body is significant for the post-existence. They likewise performed incineration and cinders are kept in designed urns. (Baffling Etruscans) As an indication of the Etruscans' solid conviction about death, they enhanced burial places and urns to make them look like cottages or houses. By doing this, they accepted that the lives of the dead would be drawn out (Columbia Encyclopedia). Beside this, the Etruscans likewise utilized internment functions as a typical subject of their artistic creations and other works of art. Specialists saw that dinners are the standard topic in Etruscan workmanship. They believe this may have two sided connotation since the meal is a fundamental piece of burial services. The Etruscan memorial service functions included the bubbly feast which incorporated the family members of the perished. At this meal, the Etruscans accepted that the soul of the person who passed on would join in. (Secretive Etruscans) In contrast to most civic establishments in the antiquated occasions, sexual orientation imbalance appeared to not have been truly outstanding in the Etruscan culture (Hooker). ... They likewise raise all the infants that are brought into the world paying little mind to who the genuine dad is. (Baffling Etruscans) The Etruscans' disposition towards sexual orientation jobs or the balance of people is showed in their specialty. For example, artistic creations included sumptuous gatherings wherein the two people were engaged by artists and artists while being held up upon by workers. Other works of art additionally have the two people as the principle subject like the earthenware stone casket cover figures of a man and lady, a couple, partaking in a lackadaisical second together. (Baffling Etruscans) Romanisation of the Etruscans Etruria was assaulted by Rome starting 498 BCE and went on until 264 BCE when Etruria was totally prevailed. In contrast to its different triumphs, Rome was progressively kind for the Etruscans. This might be ascribed to the way that the Roman human progress was considerably affected by the Etruscan culture as would be examined in the accompanying segment. (Baffling Etruscans) With the passage of the Roman winners, the Etruscan language and religion were steadily dissolved. The long procedure of romanisation cleaned the Etruscan culture off the old world. (Baffling Etruscans) Etruscans' Contribution to the Roman Culture As accentuated, the Etruscans have significantly impacted the Romans. As far as craftsmanship, the Etruscan workmanship is mostly contained figure in earth and metal, fresco burial chamber painting and fine ceramics displaying nearby components and reflects Etruscan strict convictions (MSN Encarta). This sort of workmanship was exceptionally persuasive on the Roman Art (Encyclopedia Britannica). The Etruscans likewise motivated prestigious specialists like Alberto Giacometti with their

Variety of Heuristic Strategies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

How to Write a Winning Cover Letter

How to Write a Winning Cover Letter In todays challenging employment field, job hunters are finding they need to apply to a much higher volume of positions over a greater amount of time before they land that new job. Theres all the more reason, then, to include a remarkable cover letter with your resume that makes you stand out from the pack and truly shine in an employers eyes.Your big sales toolIn an ideal world, your cover letter and resume should complement each other perfectly. The letter will sell the heck out of all your fabulous skills and why this employer cannot live without you, then the resume will hammer it in with the specific details of your education, experience and skills to back the cover letter up.The cover letter has truly become the single most important item that you can send to an employer, especially in a job market where companies are receiving hundreds of qualified applicants for each open position. No matter what field your expertise is in, writing a winning cover letter requires that you can step into a sales position (if only for a moment) to sell yourself.While the task may seem daunting, especially if you dont consider yourself the sales type, you shouldnt fret. After all, you are undoubtedly the person who knows your abilities and skill set best. So once you find the right language to convey your strengths to a potential employer, and match it up cleverly to what the employer is seeking, you will be right on track to getting through the gates for an interview.Do some braggingYour cover letter is no place to be modest. Employers are attracted to applicants that exude confidence and show a real command of their strong points. This is not to say you should be so pompous in your bragging that you insult or turn off an employer. Instead, your cover letter should express a respectful, enthusiastic and confident explanation of your qualifications and past experience that make you the best person for the job.So how do you make this magic happen, you ask? Well, the answer i s to just be you, but in their words. By this I mean that with every job ad you decide to apply to, you should be critically examining what that employer is asking for. Then, using your basic, generic cover letter that wasnt getting you the attention you really deserved, reword your drab sentences to cater specifically to the potential employers request while highlighting your high points at past positions.For example, see the ho-hum cover letter below of a mid-level sales person looking to advance.Basic cover letter:John Doe123 Main StreetNew York, NY 12234To whom it may concern:After reading your advertisement for a sales professional on Monster.com, I am applying for the position.My experience in sales includes customer service, presentations to clients, marketing and some management of junior sales people in my region. I have consistently met the sales goals and standards for all the companies I have worked for. I have also been responsible for training junior sales people at ti mes, and am familiar with the process of learning product knowledge in order to sell a product.I am well groomed and easy to get along with. I am used to working independently and am self-disciplined enough to do so. I enjoy the sales field and the challenge of meeting sales goals.I hope you will see that I can be a good person for this sales professional position. Thank you for your time and consideration. I hope to hear from you soon.Sincerely,John Doe619-555-1234 home619-555-5678 cellWhy its basicMr. Doe might feel like this cover letter gets his point across pretty well, and hes right to some degree. He has listed all the meaningful points that make his skill set attractive. However, hes delivered this information in a just the facts sort of format. Theres no confidence, no selling himself, and no catering to the specific employers needs in this letter.In order to demonstrate how Mr. Doe could alter this basic, generic cover letter to make it a real sales pitch on his behalf, le ts say he came across the following job ad and decided to apply for it.WANTED: Sales professional for Fortune 500 company. Must be a real self-starter and able to work independently. Management experience a plus. Position requires the ability to make presentations to clients, follow-up with regular, reliable customer service, and learn product knowledge inside out. Would like an individual with proven sales achievement and eager to make unlimited income. Fax Mr. Shoe at 619-555-9876 with a cover letter and resume for consideration.See the letter below for ways Mr. Doe could target his basic cover letter specifically to this ad, and make himself and his expert skills stand out and get noticed in the process.A winning cover letterJohn Doe123 Main StreetNew York, NY 12234Dear Mr. Shoe:After reading your advertisement for a sales professional on Monster.com, I am enthusiastically applying for the position.My experience as a regional sales manager for ABC Communications has allowed me to learn the importance of good customer service, coupled with first-class management and marketing skills. In all my sales posts, I have been required to master a great deal of product knowledge, give extensive presentations on products, keep in regular contact with clients and prospects, and meet sales goals and standards. Also in all my sales positions, I have not only met, but exceeded, the sales quotas required, helping the companies to reach new, all-time sales records.On a personal level, I am confident, well groomed and easy to get along with. I am very self-disciplined and can get the job done in an independent environment. I know how to listen to and recognize a clients buying cues. I am stimulated by the idea of unlimited earning potential and enjoy the challenge of meeting and beating sales goals.I would love the chance to meet with you in person to discuss how I could be an asset to your company. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from yo u soon!Sincerely,John Doe619-555-1234 home619-555-5678 cellSo you see, with a little more description and some detailed focusing of his cover letter to the employers requirements, Mr. Doe is bound to get noticed much more with this second, winning cover letter. Of course, it goes without saying that you should always check your cover letter for grammar, spelling and punctuation before you send it off, and use an easy-to-read font (Times New Roman or Arial are nice) and point size (10 to 12 point is good).In summary, writing a winning cover letter every time requires some bragging and selling on your part, as well as carefully crafting sentences aimed at the potential employers needs. Following this formula and combining your cover letter with a well-written resume is a surefire way to get you in the door for an interview long before the applicants who send in the same old, tired, generic cover letter to every job ad.

Plant Leaves and Leaf Anatomy

Exploratory Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Exploratory Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About The Secret to Exploratory Essay Topics Syntax is one of the most crucial things which you should be mindful of when you learn how to write correct English. Now the dissertation is made, the proper section may make a lot more sense as it's constructed. It is imperative to pick an extremely very good topic for your paper. Surrogate parenthood ought to be controlled by state. All exploratory papers should be correctly formatted. Though you might be skilled in dissertation writing, you won't always have the time to finish your dissertation before the deadline. Now you have all of the books and materials that are necessary to compose the essay. GCSE course work is a critical facet of students' lives. The 1st composition may be normal preferred novel essay. You will get unique texts, which will be finished in time. There are quite a lot of objects' in the data, which will want to get transformed to numeric values so as to be utilized in our regression. Let's say you have to purchase essay for college. After the theme is certainly well defined, the extra elements of the essay is easily created. The very first task a writer should begin with when writing a report is to collect the materials that are necessary to support the topic of the essay. Ahead of starting out, there are a couple points you need to be familiar with around writing an essay. 1 author could take care of a definite project at the same time till it genuinely is comprehensive. Human interest tales are a bit special case. To learn how to compose an article initially and foremost you must recognize the sort of article you're going to compose. For example, you can have and introduction section and mention your primary concept, background information and other info to introduce your topic. For instance, social media marketing is a popular subject it's feasible topic for discussion as well as information search. Our site features custom writing help and editing aid. Fast turnaround I have zero opportunity to compose my paper is what our clients complain about most. Exploratory essay a few ideas are hard later on by, but there's however a range that's fantastic of you might possibly pick from. There are a lot of ways to structure the paper, and everything is dependent on you. Your paper must be based on the outline you need to create when you do some research on the chosen topic. Some info you might need to have in your essay. Determine the kind of essay you're going to write. Clearly, essays play a significant role in the college application procedure, too. An exploratory essay differs from the other kinds of academic paper writing. New Step by Step Roadmap for Exploratory Essay Topics Have a look at our price calculator to determine what your perfect price for the paper is! Every book ought to have an online website and every writer has to have a mailing list. Little size short article should have an outstanding eyecatching topic. Each element of the guide has to get a distinctive function. Dissertation publishing may be two-way visitors. Firstly, it's advisable to brainstorm the topic. You may write almost any topic you desire. You might need to be complex, but always make sure you choose topic that you're well conversant with.

Weather and Famous Landmarks Free Essays

15. Choose the word that means the same or similar to the word  «nature ». ?) environment; ?) scenery; ?) landscape; ?) view. We will write a custom essay sample on Weather and Famous Landmarks or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5  « -2011 » 8 16. Match the quotation with one of the sources listed below: Interested in photography? Fujiko have produced an amazing new mini-camera – the advanced 1001x. 3 1. What kind of film would you see if you wanted to get a detailed information about a definite subject? ?) animated cartoon; ?) thriller; 2. ?) documentary; ?) trailer. ?) recipe; ?) instruction; 17. ?) announcement; ?) ad. Do you know that the English Queen, Elizabeth II, is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her official birthday is on the second Saturday in June. When is her real birthday? ?) on April 21; ?) on May 21; ?) on July 21; ?) on August 21. Choose one of the following as the appropriate reaction to the statement: My friend has seen this film already. ?) So I have; ?) So have I; ?) I so have; ?) I have so. 18. Do you know who gave Britain its modern name? ?) the Romans; ?) the Anglo-Saxons; ?) the Celts; ?) the Dutch. 3. Who said:  «The world is a stage and people are merely actors »? ) R. Stevenson; ?) B. Show; ?) O. Wild; ?) W. Shakespeare. 19. Read the weather forecast and decide in what season this weather is expected to be: The South East will see the best of today’s weather. It will be warm, no winds, and sunshine nearly all day, with temperatures around ten or fifteen, so quite warm for the time of the year. 4. There are eight public holidays in Great Britain. D o you know that they are called: ?) Bank Holidays; ?) Festival Days; ?) Feast Days; ?) Carnival Days. ?) winter; ?) spring; 20. ?) summer; ?) autumn. You can find the name of these animals in the Red Book. ) rabbits; ?) foxes; ?) Indian tigers; ?) sharks. 5. Stonehenge is: ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient Canadian history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient British history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient Australian history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient American history. —————————————————-  «Ã‚ » Web-site: www. uclever. com, e-mail: greenwich@uclever. com 4 6. John likes to spend much time in the open air. When he does his hobby for more than one day he takes a rucksack, a tent and a compass with him. Can you guess John’s hobby? ?) running; ?) fishing; ?) hiking; ?) swimming. 7. Which of the library rooms provides video and film circulation, and audiovisual equipment circulation? 10. Complete the following tongue-twister with an appropriate word: Swan swam over the sea, Swim, swan, swim! Swan swam back again. Well †¦ , swan! ?) swum; ?) swim; ?) swam; ?) swims. 11. Link the following paragraph with one of the cities listed below: This city is on the river Mersey. It’s famous for its football teams and for the Beatles. ?) Cardiff; ?) Birmingham; ?) Manchester; ?) Liverpool. ?) the reading room; ?) the multimedia hall; ?) the book borrowing department; ?) catalogue. 12. The American traveller and scientist Lowell Thomas thinks that Grand Canyon, Glacier Bay, the Mammoth Cave, Victoria Falls, Baikal, Mountain Everest and Yellowstone National Park are: ?) seven Nature’s enigmas; ?) seven Nature’s wonders; ?) seven Nature’s gifts; ?) seven Nature’s mysteries. 8. Look at the following list of adjectives. Which would apply to a sportsman? ?) weak; ?) awkward; ?) enduring; ?) stout. 13. In which part of Britain do the men wear a kilt? ?) Wales; ?) England; ?) Scotland; ?) Ireland. 9. The following sentence contains an idiom. The key word is missing in the idiom. Choose the correct word: If you have any trouble with your homework, I’ll be glad to give you a †¦ . 14. Match the first half of a proverb with an appropriate second half: Custom is †¦ ?) hand; ?) head; ?) hair; ?) hip. ?) the second habit; ?) the second nature; ?) the second manner; ?) the second tradition. How to cite Weather and Famous Landmarks, Essay examples

Near Term Future of Terrorism in the U.S free essay sample

What is the terrorist group most likely to strike within the United States in the next five years? What method or means will this group probably use to carry out the attack and what is the most effective means of countering the attack? Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 2 Abstract Terrorists are likely to use a weapon of mass destruction somewhere in the world in the next five years. We will write a custom essay sample on Near Term Future of Terrorism in the U.S or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are more likely to use a biological weapon than a nuclear one and the results could be devastating. The consequences of a biological attack are almost beyond comprehension. It would be 9/11 times 10 or a hundred in terms of the number of people who would be killed, according to Senator Bob Graham. Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 3 An investigation by the US Congress into weapons of mass destruction made a chilling prediction of terrorists mounting an attack using biological or nuclear weapons within the next five years. The six month inquiry mentioned Pakistan as one of the likeliest sources of such an attack. The target could be the U. S. or some other part of the world. The report by the bipartisan Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction, said â€Å"unless the world community acts decisively and with great urgency, it is more likely than not that a weapon of mass destruction will be used in a terrorist attack somewhere in the world by the end of 2013†. Terrorists are more likely to be able to obtain and use a biological weapon than a nuclear weapon. An overwhelming majority believes that there is a significant likelihood of further terrorist attacks on U. S. soil and expresses concern and worry about the prospect. About half worry that a close friend or relative will be a victim of an attack, but only a minority are concerned that it would happen in their community. The onset of military action in Afghanistan has not led to notable changes in these attitudes. Though traditional attacks, such as truck bombs, are seen as the most likely terrorist threat, the majority believes that terrorists have access to weapons of mass destruction and are likely to use them at some point. Of these weapons, chemical and biological agents are seen as a greater danger than nuclear arms, and concern about a chemical or biological attack has grown over the past weeks. Americans have been fairly pessimistic about the prospect of eliminating terrorist attacks for some time. Today’s terrorists can strike at any place, at any time and with virtually any weapon. But if it is so easy to pull off an attack and if terrorists are so demonically competent, why have they not Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 4 done it? Why have they not been sniping at people in shopping centers, collapsing tunnels, poisoning the food supply, cutting electrical lines, derailing trains, blowing up oil pipelines, causing massive traffic jams, or exploiting the countless other vulnerabilities that, according to security experts, could so easily be exploited. One reasonable explanation is that almost no terrorists exist in the United States and few have the means or the inclination to strike from abroad. However, this explanation is rarely offered. Instead, Americans are often told by the same people who had once predicted imminent attacks that the absence of international terrorist strikes in the United States is owed to the protective measures so hastily and expensively put in place after 9/11. For the past five years, Americans have been regularly regaled with dire predictions of another major Al Qaeda attack in the United States. In 2003, a group of 200 senior government officials and business executives, many of them specialists in security and terrorism, pronounced it likely that a terrorism strike more devastating than 9/11. The leadership of this country and the world will have to decide how much of a priority they place on avoiding the worst weapons in the world getting in the hands of the worst people in the world. It is not going to be cheap. It is not going to be accomplished without some sacrifices. It won’t be accomplished without putting this issue ahead of some other competing national and international goals. However, I think our safety and security depend upon doing so. A biological attack is more likely than a nuclear attack because biological weapons are more available, according to a CNN panel. Anthrax is a natural product of dead animals. Other serious pathogens are available in equally accessible forms. There are so many scientists who have the skills to convert a pathogen from benign, helpful purposes into an illicit, very harmful weapon. However, the commission warned that there is also Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 5 a threat of nuclear terrorism, both because more countries are developing nuclear weapons and because some existing nuclear powers are expanding their arsenals. Terrorist organizations are intent on acquiring nuclear weapons. It cited testimony before the commission from former Senator Sam Nunn, who said that the risk of a nuclear weapon being used today is growing, not receding. The risk from biological or nuclear weapons was higher than skeptical foreign policy and defense analysts have so far suggested. Those analysts had pointed out to the complexity of transporting such weapons and the limitations of a nuclear dirty bomb, whose radius of damage is minimum compared with missile delivered warheads. The report disagreed, saying that no mission could be timelier. The simple reality is that the risks that confront us today are evolving faster than our multi layered responses. Many thousands of dedicated people across all agencies of our government are working hard to protect this country, and their efforts have had a positive impact. However, the terrorists have been active, too and in our judgment America’s margin of safety is shrinking, not growing. Despite all the ominous warnings of wily terrorists and imminent attacks, there has been neither a successful strike nor a close call in the United States since 9/11. The reasonable, but rarely heard explanation is that there are no terrorists within the United States, and few have the means or the inclination to strike from abroad.

The U.S Constitution & Bill of Rights

The U.S Constitution & Bill of Rights interests and actions that can potentially affect the peoples interest.

Giant Panda Facts

Giant Panda Facts Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are bears that are well known for their distinct black-and-white coloration. They have black fur on their limbs, ears, and shoulders. Their face, belly, and the middle of their back is white and they have black fur around their eyes. The reason for this unusual color pattern is not fully understood, although some scientists have suggested it provides camouflage in the dappled, shady environments of the forests in which they live. Fast Facts: Giant Pandas Scientific Name: Ailuropoda melanoleucaCommon Names: Giant pandaBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 2–3 feet tall at the shoulder when on four legs, about 5-feet tall standing erectWeight: 150–300 poundsLifespan: 20  years (in the wild)Diet: OmnivoreHabitat: Broadleaf and mixed forests, where bamboo is present, in southeast China  Population: About 1,600Conservation Status:  Vulnerable Description Giant pandas have a body shape and build that is typical of most bears and are roughly the size of an American black bear. They have a distinctive black-and-white coat with black fur covering their ears, arms and legs, and part of their chest and back. The rest of their fur is white. Giant pandas molars are very broad and flat, which helps the animals crush the bamboo shoots, leaves, and stems  that  they eat. They also have an enlarged wrist bone that functions as an opposable thumb, which helps them grasp the bamboo. Giant pandas do not hibernate and are the rarest species in the bear family. Habitat and Range Giant pandas inhabit the broadleaf and mixed forests where bamboo is present, in southeast China.  They usually communicate using calls or scent marks. Giant pandas have a sophisticated sense of smell and they use scent marking to recognize and define their territories. Diet and Behavior Giant pandas are highly specialized in terms of their diet. Bamboo accounts for over 99 percent of the giant pandas diet, though they sometimes hunt for pikas and other small rodents. Since bamboo is a poor source of nutrition, the bears must make up for this by consuming vast amounts of the plant. Another strategy they use to compensate for their bamboo diet is to conserve their energy by remaining within a small area. To consume sufficient bamboo to provide all the energy they need, it takes giant pandas as long as  10 and 12 hours of feeding every day. Giant pandas have powerful jaws and their molar teeth are large and flat, a structure that makes them well suited for grinding up the fibrous bamboo they eat. Pandas feed while sitting upright, a posture that enables them to grab onto bamboo steams. The digestive system of a giant panda is inefficient and lacks the adaptations that many other herbivorous mammals possess. Much of the bamboo they eat passes through their system and is expelled as waste. Giant pandas obtain most of the water they need from the bamboo they eat. To supplement this water intake, they also drink out of streams that are common in their forest habitat. Reproduction and Offspring The giant panda mating season is between March and May and young are usually born in August or September. Giant pandas are reluctant to breed in captivity. Young giant pandas are born quite helpless. Their eyes remain closed for the first eight weeks of their life. For the next nine months, the cubs nurse from their mother and they are weaned at one year. They still require a long period of maternal care after weaning, and for this reason, remain with their mother for a one-and-a-half to three years, as they mature. yesfoto/Getty Images Conservation Status Giant pandas are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. There are only about 1,600 giant pandas that remain in the wild. Most captive pandas are kept in China. Classification Debate The classification of giant pandas was once a subject of intense debate. At one time they were thought to be of a close relation to raccoons, but molecular studies have revealed they belong within the bear family. Giant pandas diverged from other bears early in the familys evolution. Sources â€Å"Giant Panda.†Ã‚  WWF.â€Å"Giant Panda.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 21 Sept. 2018.â€Å"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.†Ã‚  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Curriculum Development and teaching strategies for gifted learners Essay

Curriculum Development and teaching strategies for gifted learners - Essay Example Students who excelled in special education programs were, according to Persson, Joswog and Balogh (1997), once again, separated from their above average co-learners and placed in programs designed for geniuses. The intent of this program was not simply the realization of gifted learners’ full potential but the development of future leaders. The historical introduction offered in the preceding highlights a long-standing acknowledgement of the importance of designing special education programs which address the mental capacities, abilities and talents of gifted learners and function to both enable and guide them towards the realisation of their potential. Integral to the realization of potential of gifted students is, of course, curriculum and learning strategies. Within the context of the stated, therefore, curriculum development and learning strategies for gifted students assume unique importance and, accordingly, have been the focus of numerous research and studies. This paper shall review a number of these studies for the purpose of evaluating the variant curriculum development and learning strategies for gifted students. In his analysis of gifted learners’ educational requirements, Shore (1988) argued that without a curriculum which is designed in response to their needs, the full potential of gifted learners will never be truly realized. Even while conceding that prerequisite to the design of such a curricular is the careful and critical evaluation of individual learner requirements and, possibly, the design of differentiated curricula within the context of a more general curricular framework, Shore (1988) defended his approach to curriculum development as optimally suited to the needs of individual gifted learners. The development/design of a differentiated gifted learner curriculum is a complex undertaking insofar as it involves the design of both general and specific curricula.

High Speed 2 (HS2) (London Birmingham Phase) Assignment

High Speed 2 (HS2) (London Birmingham Phase) - Assignment Example High-speed rail is a type of transport mode, which uses electric rails to offer transport at a faster speed than the current carriage railway. It may have a speed ranging from 200km/h to 350km/h. The European Union considers high-speed railway to be equivalent to 200-300km/h, while in India and Australia they consider it 250-500km/h. In Japan, they have the 300km/h rails in operation. This type of train operates specifically on areas where there are minimum closings. Mostly high-speed trains are meant for human transport (Zhou and Shen, 2011). High-speed railway is an invention of the Japanese as Japan was the first country to design and use to help this form of transport to reduce congestion in their cities. They develop an electric rail, which was travelling at a speed of 145km/h. At that time, the Japanese engineers wanted to develop a form of train that was faster and reliable mode of transport to ease the congestion in cities of Tokyo and Osaka. In 1963, they were able to produce an electrical rail that operates at a speed of 256km/h, which was used including the time of Olympics in 1964. This train eased transport in Japan. In 1965, the Japanese and the French introduced a similar rail but United Kingdom became the first European country to have a regular service of rail, which travels at 200km/h in 1976.Since, then there has been a construction in various parts of Europe. There is also a construction of high-speed rail services between countries such as, Belgium, Britain, and France. There is a high-speed rail betw een London and Paris as well as Brussels –London (Zhou and Shen, 2011). Currently Japan and France are operating high-speed rails. France has a conventional rail, which operates at a speed of 575km/h. while France operates unconventional rail, which operates at a speed of 581km/h. China, which has the world largest population, has a rail that operates at a speed of 500km/h, and it became the

Internal Audit Effectiveness Study on the Public Sector

Internal Audit Effectiveness Study on the Public Sector Agus Setiawaty Determinant of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Public Sector Organizations:  Which factors matter? Abstract Internal audit (IA) play a pivotal role in reinforcing good governance in both public and private organizations through a value-adding role. Yet very few research conducted on the IA effectiveness especially in public sector. The current study aims to examine empirically determinant of effectiveness of IA within organization. Effectiveness scale developed through structured interview with top manager before delivered to real participant. Data in this study collected through questionnaire given to top manager and internal auditor to explore participant perception on IA effectiveness and its determinants. Conventional multiple regression and path analysis is used to examine the association between internal audit effectiveness and four principal factors, namely; professional proficiency, quality of audit work, independence of audit internal department and top management support. Keywords: internal audit effectiveness, effectiveness scale, good governance, balanced scorecard INTRODUCTION Internal Audit (IA) facing higher demands in the line of duty. The role of internal audit now is not only overseeing the operational of organization activities, but has been extended to support the organization through evaluating and improving risk management, control and governance process (IIA, 2004). In this concept, the existence of internal audit is needed by management in order to help them to provide assurance that any risks in organization were identified and prevented effectively, and organizational activities has been controlled in effective and efficient ways. Moreover, Ridley (2008) declared that the construction of modern IA derived from the three Es concept namely effectiveness, efficiency and economy, which defined by as doing the right thing for effectiveness, efficiency describe as doing them well to describe efficiency and doing them cheaply for economy. Of all three factors, effectiveness is viewed as the most important factor because ineffective IA will ultimately cause to futile regardless how efficiently or economically the service is being provided. IA effectiveness is defined as a risk-based audit that support the organization to achieve its objectives through significantly influencing the corporate governance quality (Lenz, 2013). Effective IA is expected to encourage the formation of good governance within organization. The changing of IA role from compliance and safeguarding assets to value-added audit also impact that role in public sector organizations. However, some research findings (Mihret and Woldeyohannis, 2008; Cohen and Sayag, 2010) show that this role has not been effectively implemented in public sector organizations. In Indonesia context, audit findings issued by supreme audit board reveal that there is still problem relate to internal control in government institution although financial statement has been given unqualified opinion. These condition lead to the question about the effectiveness of internal audit function and further the related factors contribute to the IA effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate determinant of effectiveness of IA in public sector, an important concept rarely examined in the scientific literature. Most of previous study focused examining IA effectiveness empirically in the private institution (Cohen and Sayag, 2010; Arena and Azzone, 2009; Karagiorgos, Drogalan and Giovanis, 2011) while research on IA conducted in the context of the public sector has been done with a qualitative approach (Mihret and Yismaw, 2007; Mihret and Woldeyohannis, 2008), none has to conduct it empirically. To the best of our knowledge, there has never been a previous research which examines the determinants of the internal audit effectiveness in Indonesia context especially in public sector. Therefore, according to study of Cohen and Sayag (2010), this research will examine relevant factors to IA effectiveness with development in IA measurement using balanced scorecard framework proposed by Frigo (2002). This measurement claim to be more comprehensive in describing the effectiveness of IA in a organization than used in previous research. This study contributes to the literature by developing a conceptual understanding of IA effectiveness in public sector organizations using comprehensive framework of balanced scorecard which address fundamental issues influencing IA effectiveness in public sector context. This research also contributes to the literature by exploring the determinants of IA effectiveness. It is important to understand which factors determine IA effectiveness because of virtuous influence of effective to organizational performance (Mihret, James and Mula, 2010). This is a proposal paper, consequently, in the next section of this paper, the discussion address to relevant literature on IA Effectiveness and development of research expectation, followed by discussion of research methodology. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH EXPECTATION The importance of internal audit function has been realized as an essential contributor to effective corporate governance and quality external financial reporting (Prawitt, Smith and Wood, 2009). The Institute of Internal Auditor (IIA) model offers IA as a key element of establishing high quality corporate governance, as well as management who principally responsible for regular monitoring of managements actions . As mentioned previously, The IIA has extended main function of IA to value adding focus by ensuring compliance to policies, rules, and regulations, which are largely of a financial nature, and by working in partnership with management to help improve operations and manage risk. Although the value-adding notion of IA is assumed shape the IA more effective, this is never guaranteed. In fact the literature suggests that IA effectiveness more influenced by the situational dynamics factor in audit environment (Mihret et al, 2010). Internal Audit Effectiveness As mentioned above, IA function has received greater attention according to its vital contribution to good governance, surely also occur in public sector context. Therefore, effective is needed for answering that challenge. There are two main approaches to the concept of IA effectiveness. The first approach associates effective IA with compliance to some set of auditing standard, such an approach proposed by Sawyer (1988) who assert five standard internal auditing, namely: interdependence, professional proficiency, the scope of work, the performance of the audit and management of the internal audit department. The second approach linking IA effectiveness with subject evaluations from management who act as supply side. In later approach, development of systematic and general valid measurement is needed to gauge IA effectiveness (Schneider, 1984; Dittenhofer, 2001). The early effort was conducted by Hoag (1981) through designing questionnaire to gain feedback about internal auditing pe rformance from management. The measurement of effective IA consist of planning and preparation, the quality of audit report, the timing of the audit, and qualify communication between the relevant parties. Study accomplished by Albrecht, Howe, Schueler and Stocks (1988) which sponsored by The IIA identified 15 factors contribute to the evaluation of IA effectiveness, such as the congruence between auditing work and the goal sets of managers, competence of internal auditor, support from top management to IA function, and several characteristics of IA department. More recently, Ziegenfuss (2000) developed a questionnaire which comprises 84 effectiveness criteria classified into four groups: the IA environment, input, process and output. Results of the study identified five top performance measures, that is: staff experience, supervision form audit committee, management expectation on IA function, audit recommendation followed up by management, and auditor education level. The development of effective IA measurement continue to evolve and sensitive to current issue so that Frigo (2002) introduced balanced scorecard (BSC) framework. For constructing the model, Frigo (2002) confirm his prem ises with BSC concept which built from IA customer perspective, internal audit process, innovations and capabilities. Model developed by Frigo (2002) will be presented next. This study modifies model proposed by Frigo (2002) to precisely adapt with public sector context. Modification is made to audit committee factor because its existence prevail in private institution. As noted before, research on the effectiveness IA is restricted to private sector companies while study in public sector have accomplished qualitatively. The current study takes this line of research a step further by designing and testing such a scale to gain understanding of IA effectiveness in public sector. Determinant of IA Effectiveness Determinant in this study adopted from the model proposed by Lenz and Hahn (2015) which divides effective IA determinant into micro and macro factors. However, this research largely focus the discussion in micro factor. Micro factor categorized into four factors: IA resources, IA process, IA relationship and organization. IA resources measured by staff professional proficiency (Prawitt, 2003; Cohen and Sayag, 2010; Mihret et al, 2010; Pforsich, Kramer, and Just, 2006,2010; Soh and Martinov-Bennie, 2011), IA process explained by quality work of IA department (Cohen and Sayag, 2010), while IA relationship and organization illumined by top management support (Halimah, Othman and Kamaruzaman, 2009; Christopher, Sarens and Leung, 2009; Mihret and Yismaw, 2007, Cohen and Sayag, 2010) and organizational independence (Mihret et al, 2010; Cohen and Sayag, 2010), respectively. Professional proficiency of internal auditor The IIAs Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing require that internal auditors possess the knowledge, skills and expertise needed to accomplish audit work (Institute of Internal Auditors, 2008). Technical competence and continuous training are considered essential for effective IA. Consistent with this thinking, Gramling and Meyers (1997) found that certified internal auditors is perceived as an expert auditor which reflect auditors competence. Professional such as auditor requires a set of expertise in conducting their complicated duty that collectively granted from education, training, experience and professional qualifications (Al-Twaijry, Brierley and Gwillian, 2003). The few studies that concern to this issue indicated that the greater the professional competencies of the IA staff, reflected by their professional training and educational level, the more effective IA department (Albrecht et al. 1988). Nanni (1984) at the same ways, found that auditor experience positively impact the evaluations process of internal accounting control. Therefore, it es expected that Greater professional proficiency of staff within the internal audit department will be related to greater auditing effectiveness (H1). Quality of audit work Compliance with standards, policies and procedures is main concern of internal auditor. One of IA objectives is ensure that companys activities accordance with predetermined rules. Glazer and Jaenike (1980) in Cohen and Sayag (2010) asserted that audit work which sufficiently perform according to internal auditing standards contributes significantly to the effectiveness of auditing. The similar point also claimed by Ridley and DSilva (1997) that complying with professional standards is the most important contributor to IAs added value. It can thus be argued that greater quality of IA work -defined by compliance with formal standards, as well as a high level of efficiency in the audits planning and execution will improve the audits effectiveness (H2) Independence of IA department Independence has long been seen as a crucial factor in conducting audit role. Although initially only intended for the independence of the external auditor, but lately also addressed to the demands of the independence of internal audit, something that might be a serious problem because of auditor position and responsibility lay on under management. The independence of the internal audit department has been identified as a key element of audit effectiveness. Van Peursem (2005), based on interviews with Australian internal auditors, concluded that independence from management is a dominant feature of successful auditing programs. Those auditors able to set their own. It can thus be argued that organisational independence will increase the internal auditors effectiveness (H3). Top Management Support The interaction and relationship between top management and internal auditors is both important and complicated. Management support to IA is considered as a determinant of IA effectiveness (Mihret and Yismaw, 2007). This support could, for instance, be by allocating sufficient human and material resources to IA. It could also be by showing the level of cooperation offered by management. Greater level of auditee cooperation will influences the extent to which IA properly accomplishes its objectives (Al-Twaijry et al., 2003; Mihret and Yismaw, 2007). the relationship between the internal audit staff and the companys management is clearly important in determining the independence and objectivity of the internal auditor (Al-Twaijry et al. 2003;IIA 2006).Management support for IA is thus important both in the abstract (managers must see the activity of the audit department as legitimate) and in ensuring that IA departments have the resources needed to undertake their duty. Therefore, it i s argued that higher support from top management, the more effective the IA (H4). RESEARCH DESIGN The participants The target population for this study is managers and internal auditor from all Indonesian public sector organizations that conduct internal audit. Data in this study will be acquired through questionnaire which will be initially tested for validity and reliability before delivered to each participant. Each organization will accept two questionnaires, one for manager (deal with IA effectiveness) and the other for auditor (answering for independent variables). Variabel measurement Effectiveness of internal auditing Given the lack of IA effectiveness research in public sector organizations, this study will developed own effectiveness scale based on BSC framework proposed by Frigo (2002), supporting with measurement scale fostered by Ziegenfuss (2000). In this study, new effectiveness scale will be designed and adjusted with Indonesian auditing environment. Structured interview will be undertaken with several public sector top managers to gain advice and consideration about developed questionnaire before it comes to statistic analysis for the validity and reliability assessment. Independent variables Professional proficiency, measured by four indicators, consist of educational qualifications, professional certification, work experience and continuous development, Quality work, measured by six indicator, comprises of annual audit plan, access to all organization, significance of audit, auditee response, follow up action, additional activities performed. Independence, measured by nine items, these being: independence level, reporting level, direct contact to senior management, conflict of interest, interference, unrestricted access to all departments and employees, appointment and removal of the head of internal audit, and performing non-audit activity. Top management support, measured by four factors, those are: involvement in the internal audit plan, providing management with reports about the work the internal audit team performs, the managements response to internal audit reports, the resources of the internal audit department. Data Analysis Two methods of data analysis will used in this study. First, straightforward OLS multiple regression (Ghozali, 2013) was performed to estimate the magnitude of the effect of the independent variables, the four factors identified above, on the effectiveness of internal audit (the dependent variable). Second, beyond the straightforward use of conventional OLS multiple regression, path analysis (Ghozali, 2013) was conducted to investigate further the associations and linkages among the variables of interest. References Al-Twaijry, A.A.M., Brierley, J.A., Gwilliam, D.R. (2003). The development of internal audit in Saudi Arabia: an institutional theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14 (5), 507-31. Arena M., Azzone G (2009). Internal audit effectiveness: Relevant drivers of auditees satisfaction. Sixth European Academic Conference on Internal Auditing and Corporate Governance. London. Retrieved from http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/37335/Marika-Arena.pdf. Christopher, J., Sarens, G. Leung, P. (2009). A critical analysis of the independence of the internal audit function: Evidence from Australia. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 22 (2), 200-220. Cohen, A., Sayag, G. (2010). The effectiveness of internal auditing: An empirical examination of its determinants in Israeli organizations. Australian Accounting Review, 20 (3), 296-307. Dittenhofer, M. (2001). Internal auditing effectiveness: An expansion of present methods. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16, 443-50. Frigo, M.L. (2002). A balance scorecard framework for internal auditing departments (Paperback). The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Altamonte Springs. Florida. Ghozali, Imam. (2013). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Gramling, A.A., Myers, P.M. (1997). Practitioners and users perceptions of the benefits of certification of internal auditors. Accounting Horizons, 11 (1), 39-53. Halimah, N.A., Othman, R., Kamaruzaman, J. (2009). The effectiveness of internal  audit in Malaysian public sector. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 5 (9), 53-62. Hoag, D.A., (1981). Measuring audit effectiveness. Internal Auditor, April: 70-8. Institute of Internal Auditors. (2004). Definition of internal auditing. Retrieved from https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/mandatory-guidance/Pages/Definition-of-Internal-Auditing.aspx. Institute of Internal Auditors Belgium (2006). Internal audit in Belgium: the shaping of internal audit today and the future expectations survey results. Retrieved from: www.iiabel.be/. Institute of Internal Auditors. (2008). International standards for the professional practice of internal auditing. Retrieved from: www.theiia.org/guidance/standards-and-practices/professional-practices-framework/standards/standards-for-the-professional-practice-ofinternal-auditing/. Karagiorgos, T., Drogalas, G., Giovanis, N. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of internal audit in Greek hotel business. International Journal of Economic Science and Applied Research, 4 (1), 19-34. Lenz, R., Hahn, U. (2015). A synthesis of empirical internal audit effectiveness literature pointing to new research opportunities. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30, 5-33. Lenz, R. (2013). Insights into the effectiveness of internal audit: a multi-method and  multi-perspective study. Dissertation at the Università © catholique de Louvain Louvain School of Management Research Institute. Retrieved from https://drrainerlenz.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/2013-02-rainer-lenz-public-defense.pdf Mihret D. G., Yismaw A. W. (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: An Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22 (5), 470-484. Mihret D. G., Woldeyohannis G.Z. (2008). Value-added role of internal audit: An Ethiopian case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23 (6), 567-595. Mihret, D. G., James, K., Mula, J. M. (2010). Antecedent and organizational performance implications of internal audit effectiveness. Pacific Accounting Review, 22 (3), 224-252. Nanni, A.J. (1984). An exploration of the mediating effects of auditor experience and position in internal accounting control evaluation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 9, 149-63. Prawitt, D.F. (2003). Managing the internal audit function. IIA Research Foundation, Altamonte Springs, FL. Retrieved from: https://na.theiia.org/iiarf/Public%20Documents/Chapter%206%20Managing%20the%20Internal%20Audit%20Function.pdf Pforsich, H.D., Peterson Kramer, B.K., Just, G.R. (2006). Establishing an effective internal audit department. Strategic Finance, 87 (10), 22-29. Pforsich, H.D., Peterson Kramer, B.K., Just, G.R. (2008), Establishing an internal audit  department: The case of the Schwan food company. Global Perspective on Accounting  Education. 5, 1-16. Prawitt, D., F., Smith, J., L., Wood, D., A. (2009). Internal audit quality and earnings management. The Accounting Review, 84 (4), 1255-1280. Ridley, J., DSilva, K. (1997). A question of Values. Internal Auditor, June: 16-19. Ridley, J. (2008), Cutting edge internal auditing, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, England. Retrieved from: http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/548154120.pdf. Sawyer, L.B., (1988). Sawyers internal auditing. Institute of Internal Auditors. Altamonte Springs, FL. Schneider, A. (1984). Modeling external auditors evaluations of internal auditing. Journal of Accounting Research, 22, 657-78. Soh, D.S.B., Martinov-Bennie, N. (2011). The internal audit function, perceptions of internal audit roles, effectiveness and evaluation. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26 (7), 605-622. Van Peursem, K.A., (2005). Conversations with internal auditors, the power of ambiguity.  Managerial Auditing Journal, 20 (5), 489-512.. Ziegenfuss, D.E. (2000). Measuring Performance. Internal Auditor, February: 36-40. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_1_57/ai_62599893/?tag=content;col1.

Constructing Your Health Decisions

Constructing Your Health Decisions Technology has overcome the population and few people are aware of various health issues it has caused. By simply sitting in an office behind a computer can cause problem from our backs and eyes to our balance. Office workers are the most at risk, and experts say it is important we monitor our workplace health.This can be avoided by going for a brisk walk at lunch, a stroll around the office every hour, and checking our posture by standing with your heels and back against the wall and seeing how far back you have to move your head until it touches the wall too. Also the television is one of the most popular forms of media all over the world. It can enhance ones appearance to have the viewer intrigued and question themselves like â€Å"why can't I look like that†. Instead of getting up and going for a walk or hanging out with friends, television, has us caught up in our homes.Another major media downfall that influences one's health is the int ernet. Let's say I have symptoms of a common cold for weeks that does not go away, I can type in my symptoms on the internet and various options will come out. Now I can assume I have a major medical issue without even consulting with a doctor. A person has the responsibility of enhancing their health by choosing healthier foods and exercising more. They can choose to not be influenced by the media. Also by doing activities that Improve our self-esteem can lustily how we will portray ourselves to the world.

Seguro médico de viaje internacional para EE.UU.

Los turistas extranjeros no està ¡n obligados por ley a comprar seguro mà ©dico internacional para viajar a Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, carecer de cobertura mà ©dica en ese paà ­s puede causar consecuencias econà ³micas y migratorias muy graves. Puntos Clave: seguro mà ©dico de viaje para EE.UU. Costo medio visita a Emergencias: $2.168 dà ³lares americanosCosto seguro mà ©dico de viaje: a partir de $1.50Cà ³mo elegir el mejor seguro: Travel Insurance Center, SquaremouthProblemas migratorios: Cancelacià ³n de visa de turista o ESTA. Problema cada vez mà ¡s frecuente. Costo de gastos mà ©dicos en EE.UU. No cabe duda de que en Estados Unidos hay mà ©dicos y hospitales que son los mejores en su especialidad a nivel mundial como, por ejemplo, en el tratamiento de cà ¡ncer. Pero tambià ©n es la sanidad mà ¡s cara del mundo. Segà ºn datos del National Institute for Health, el costo promedio de una factura por asistencia mà ©dica en Urgencias de un hospital (ER, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), es de $2.168. Ademà ¡s, hay que tener en cuenta que el costo puede variar enormemente no sà ³lo segà ºn la naturaleza del problema de salud, sino que tambià ©n depende del tratamiento, de los anà ¡lisis practicados y del lugar en el que se reciben los cuidados mà ©dicos. Por ejemplo y segà ºn datos de International Insurance Travel Group, los gastos facturados pueden ser los siguientes: Dolor de cabeza: de $15 a $17.797Infeccià ³n de orina: de $50 a $73.002Piedra en rià ±Ãƒ ³n: de $128 a $39.408Consulta mà ©dica tà ­pica: de $150 a $200Anà ¡lisis de sangre: pueden llegar a costar $1.200 Recientemente varios medios de comunicacià ³n se han hecho eco de dos casos en los que una mujer recibià ³ una factura de $2.229.11 por tres puntos de sutura y un hombre de mà ¡s de $3.500 por cinco puntos, a pesar de que el costo promedio està ¡ entre $150 y $350. En esas cifras queda claro que los costes son altà ­simos y que dependen en gran medida del lugar dà ³nde se recibe el cuidado mà ©dico. El problema es tan grande que, de hecho, los costos mà ©dicos son la principal causa de bancarrota familiar en el paà ­s ya que tan solo en 2016 se solicitaron 770.846 segà ºn el National Bankkrupcy Forum. Los turistas internacionales visitando los Estados Unidos deberà ­an comprar un seguro mà ©dico antes de salir de sus paà ­ses para evitar tener que pagar ese tipo de gastos mà ©dicos por problemas que puedan surgir durante la visita.  ¿Cuà ¡l es el mejor seguro mà ©dico de viaje para EE.UU. y quà © està ¡ excluido? Un buen nà ºmero de aseguradoras que venden seguros de viaje internacionales excluyen a Estados Unidos de sus pà ³lizas por el alto costo de los servicios mà ©dicos en este paà ­s. Por ello es fundamental asegurarse de que el seguro que se quiere cubre Estados Unidos. Ademà ¡s, es altamente recomendable preguntar cuà ¡n grande es la red de mà ©dicos y hospitales en el paà ­s de la aseguradora, si està ¡ incluido un servicio de traduccià ³n si no se habla inglà ©s y tambià ©n de evacuacià ³n mà ©dica, ambulancia y repatriacià ³n. Una vez que esos puntos se han clarificado, lo que es el mejor seguro depende de las necesidades de la persona que lo contrata, de su salud e incluso de su edad. Tambià ©n de si prefiere pagar una cantidad alta y no hacer co-pagos o prefiere abonar una pequeà ±a y, si hay un accidente o enfermedad, realizar un pago junto con el seguro. Cabe destacar que en la mayorà ­a de los seguros para turistas que viajan a EE.UU. està ¡n excluidos todas ls enfermedades y condiciones pre-existentes entre los que se encuentran la diabetes, el cà ¡ncer, problemas de corazà ³n, etc. Ademà ¡s, con carà ¡cter general no està ¡n incluidos en estas pà ³lizas los gastos ocasionados por un embarazo, el parto, consultas genà ©ricas de cualquier clase, vacunas, exà ¡menes oculares o dentales y procedimientos cosmà ©ticos.  ¿Cà ³mo comprar un seguro mà ©dico de viaje para EE.UU? Se puede comprar cualquier seguro mà ©dico internacional que expresamente incluya Estados Unidos. A la hora de comprar es recomendable consultar con precios y condiciones de varias aseguradoras. Ademà ¡s, el seguro mà ©dico de viaje se puede comprar online en la pà ¡gina web de Travel Insurance Center, que està ¡ afiliada con USA Tourist.com y ofrece una gran variedad de seguros. Tambià ©n es recomendable verificar con Squaremouth y comparar entre cientos de seguros para ver cuà ¡l es el mà ¡s conveniente para cada caso. Tanto Travel Insurance Center como Squaremouth està ¡n recomendadas por embajadas y consulados americanos.  ¿Cuà ¡l es el costo de un seguro mà ©dico de viaje para EE.UU.? Hay una gran variedad de precios dependiendo de, entre otras cosas, quà © cantidad de cobertura mà ©dica se compra. Es prà ¡ctica frecuente asegurar entre $50.000 y $100.000 para viajes inferiores a tres meses y de $100,000 a $500,000 para estancias previstas superiores a un trimestre. Obviamente, se puede asegurar mà ¡s cantidad o, incluso, sin tope mà ¡ximo. Ademà ¡s de la cantidad asegurada influye en el precio del seguro mà ©dico el tipo de beneficios que se incluye y quà © se excluye, si hay co-pago cada vez que se utiliza el seguro, si hay deducible y la cantidad de à ©ste. El deducible –deductible en inglà ©s – es la cantidad de dinero que el asegurado debe pagar por un gasto mà ©dico cubierto por la pà ³liza antes de que empiece a pagar el seguro. Por ejemplo, si hay un deducible de $2.000 eso quiere decir que el asegurado debe gastar esa cantidad en recibir servicios y cuidados mà ©dicos antes de que el seguro comience a pagar. El deducible es diferente al costo del seguro, que se conoce en inglà ©s como premium, y debe pagarse en el momento en que se contrata el seguro. Teniendo en cuenta todo lo dicho en los pà ¡rrafos anteriores, el seguro mà ©dico puede costar entre $1.50 por dà ­a a mà ¡s de $10 por dà ­a, dependiendo de lo que se asegure. Es muy recomendable guardar facturas siempre si se acude a un mà ©dico o a un hospital. Ademà ¡s, en el caso de las medicinas la mayorà ­a de las aseguradoras siguen la polà ­tica de que el turista debe pagar por ellas y mà ¡s tarde le regresa el gasto, pero debe recibir factura que le debe enviar el asegurado.  ¿Dà ³nde recibir tratamiento mà ©dico barato en EE.UU.? Los tratamientos mà ©dicos en Estados Unidos pueden ser muy caros aà ºn estando asegurados porque, por lo general, la mayorà ­a de los asegurados deben pagar parte de la consulta o procedimiento. Por esta razà ³n es muy comà ºn que, salvo casos de emergencia, se acuda a centros econà ³micos y nunca a Salas de Emergencia de hospitales para asuntos como dolor de garganta, resfriados, infeccià ³n de orina, dolores de cabeza, etc. En Estados Unidos prestan estos servicios un abanico de centros, entre los que destacan las Clà ­nicas de Salud Comunitarias, las Clà ­nicas de Cuidado Urgente y las clà ­nicas Walk-in. Se puede consultar sus ubicaciones y cuà ¡l es la mà ¡s cercana en la pà ¡gina de la Asociacià ³n Nacional de Clà ­nicas Gratuitas y Caritativas (National Association of Free and Charitable Clinics, en inglà ©s. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que en cadenas como CVS, Walgreens o Walmart es habitual que brinden un servicio para rutinas mà ©dicas a cargo de enfermeros y asistentes mà ©dicos.  ¿Por quà © cuando un turista no paga una factura mà ©dica puede tener consecuencias graves? Los turistas, tanto los que viajan con visa como los que pueden hacerlo con ESTA, pueden sufrir la revocacià ³n de esos documentos y la prohibicià ³n de ingresar a Estados Unidos por no pagar un gasto mà ©dico. La razà ³n està ¡ en la Ley de Tratamiento Mà ©dico de Emergencia (EMTALA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) que dice que los hospitales y mà ©dicos tienen la obligacià ³n de atender las emergencias de todas las personas que lo necesiten. Emergencia en EE.UU. significa, entre otras cosas, que no se haya ingresado al paà ­s para recibir ese tipo de tratamiento y que de no recibir el cuidado mà ©dico urgente la persona enferma o accidentada puede morir o sufrir un fallo de un à ³rgano o parte de su cuerpo. Ademà ¡s, para ser emergencia el problema debe haber surgido de repente, es decir, no puede ser el resultado de una condicià ³n previa debilitante. Como ejemplos de emergencias pueden citarse los partos, la amputacià ³n de una pierna o brazo, un ataque de apendicitis, etc. En estos casos de emergencia que el hospital debe atender si el enfermo o accidentado no paga o/y no tiene seguro mà ©dico el que acaba pagando es Medicaid, que està ¡ financiado con dinero de impuestos de los estadounidenses a travà ©s de aportaciones de los estados y de dinero del gobierno federal. Precisamente esto à ºltimo es lo que puede causar problemas migratorios de anulacià ³n de visa o ESTA y de no poder conseguir visas inmigrantes o no inmigrantes a partir de ese momento porque se puede considerar a la persona que no pagà ³ como una carga pà ºblica y, por lo tanto, inadmisible para ingresar a EE.UU. Puede tomar esa decisià ³n un agente consular o cualquier miembro de la CBP (Patrulla Pronteriza). Asà ­, puede darse casos como, por ejemplo, que una seà ±ora dà © a luz en EE.UU. como turista y a partir de ese dà ­a ingrese al paà ­s en varias ocasiones sin ningà ºn tipo de problema. Y de repente un dà ­a en el puesto de control migratorio se le niegue la entrada al paà ­s y se le revoque la visa o la ESTA por decisià ³n de la persona encargada en ese momento de checar los papeles. En la actualidad, à ©ste es un problema cada vez mà ¡s frecuente que afecta a unas personas pero no a todos, ya que depende de la decisià ³n personal de agente de la CBP o del consulado. En estos momentos no es posible saber con certeza ni quià ©n se va a quedar sin visa por esta causa ni cuà ¡ndo pero sà ­ que es una situacià ³n cada vez mà ¡s comà ºn. La CBP no ha notificado pà ºblicamente cà ³mo se entera de que una persona no pagà ³ una emergencia mà ©dica pero en algà ºn momento durante la emergencia mà ©dica se obtiene el pasaporte del turista, se escanea y se envà ­a a las autoridades en todos los controles migratorios en las aduanas. Ademà ¡s, en el caso de haber dado a luz a un nià ±o en EE.UU. los datos de ambos padres se obtienen fà ¡cilmente al solicitar el pasaporte estadounidense para el menor. Cada vez son mà ¡s frecuentes los casos en los que en ese momento se anula las visas de los dos progenitores. Ademà ¡s, destacar que à ©stos no tienen derechos migratorios mientras el hijo es menor de 21 aà ±os. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que ningà ºn hospital o mà ©dico atiende a turistas sin seguro o sin pago previo exceptuando ese caso de emergencia explicado en los pà ¡rrafos anteriores por lo que es altamente recomendable comprar un seguro mà ©dico de viaje antes de ingresar a EE.UU. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es consejo legal para ningà ºn caso en particular.

One of the Main Divisions Between Mainstream and Critical...

One of the main divisions between mainstream and critical social psychology is that of the methods adopted. Discuss with reference to the cognitive social and at least one other social psychological perspective. Social psychology has existed for about 100 years, before which psychology was a branch of philosophy. Social psychology studies individuals in their social contexts. It is a diverse discipline made up of many theoretical perspectives and variety of different methods are used in social psychological research. This assignment explores the main principles of different methods in social psychology. It will look at the underlying theories or perspectives that organise contemporary social and discursive psychological research†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, if social structures are overwhelmingly influential in individual action, people’s choices and desires would be irrelevant. Traditional social theory placed such emphasis on the power of social structures in governing peoples actions that this led to self determinism. A challenge for social psychology is to be able to understand the dynamic tension between desires and actions that are relatively free and ones that are heavily constrained by circumstances, rather than fall into assumptions on either side of the agency-structure binary. This interrogative theme will help us remain aware of dangers which, like individual-society dualism, have strong political and ethical implications. All of these interrogative themes are useful in evaluating social psychological research and theories. There are differences and similarities between the four perspectives on social psychology that have been defined in this essay. They all have reflexivity because the researchers are prepared to put themselves in the picture of knowledge production. They are all explicit about the way their approach is appropriate to the object of analysis. A difference between the qualitative and quantitative approach is whether the object of analysis is hidden from view. This is highlighted as an advantage of the cognitive social psychology experimental method and is also central to the free association narrative interview method which draws from the psychoanalyticShow MoreRelatedComparing Mainstream and Critical Psychology1708 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the main divisions between mainstream and critical psychology is that of the methods adopted. Discuss with reference to the cognitive social and at least one other social psychological perspective. The theoretical perspective of any approach in social psychology governs the methods adopted, which in turn have an affect on the knowledge produced. 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